一、重难点词汇短语辨析
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【Passage One】
1. venture / risk / dare
venture:强调主动冒险,带有一定鲁莽或大胆色彩
例:I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea.(我冒险走得太远,被带到了海上。)
risk:侧重承受损失的可能性,偏中性
dare:强调勇气挑战权威或规范
辨析重点:专四语境中 venture 多用于”冒险做某事”,后接 to do 或 into sth.
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2. bound for / heading to / destined for
bound for:特指交通工具”开往某地”,是固定搭配
例:a small ship which was bound for London(一艘开往伦敦的小船)
heading to:口语化,泛指人或物正在朝某方向去
destined for:含有命运/注定的色彩,语气更强
辨析重点:bound for 只修饰交通工具或具体路线,不能说 I am bound for going。
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3. crave / desire / long for / yearn for
crave:强烈的本能渴望,多指食物、毒品等生理需求
例:my stomach craved it(我的胃极度渴望它)
desire:较正式,泛指渴望,可用于抽象事物
long for / yearn for:情感上的深切渴望,多用于人或美好事物
辨析重点:crave 出现在阅读时常与生理欲望相关,辨别语境是关键。
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4. adrift(形容词/副词)
基本义:(船只)漂流的,无依无靠的
例:a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London(一个被抛在伦敦、孤立无援的陌生人)
引申义:迷失方向的,无目标的
近义表达:at sea(困惑茫然),lost,homeless
辨析重点:turned adrift = 被抛弃/被置于无依无靠的处境,是专四高频固定表达。
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5. sumptuous / luxurious / lavish
sumptuous:强调视觉上的豪华壮观,常修饰房间、宴席、衣物
例:a sumptuous room(一间富丽堂皇的房间)
luxurious:强调享受感,偏个人体验
lavish:强调”大方挥霍”,可修饰人或消费行为
辨析重点:三词均可形容豪华,但修饰对象与侧重点不同,专四选词题常考。
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【Passage Two】
6. sacred / holy / divine
sacred:神圣的,通常指被某种文化或宗教视为禁忌或崇拜的对象
例:This plant was sacred in many cultures.(这种植物在许多文化中都是神圣的。)
holy:宗教意义上的”圣洁”,常与基督教语境绑定
divine:神性的、神授的,语气最强,有时也可作褒义形容词用于日常(极好的)
辨析重点:sacred 不一定指基督教,可用于任何文化;holy 更专指宗教圣洁性。
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7. symbolize / represent / stand for / signify
symbolize:通过具体形象来象征抽象意义,最常见于文学与文化语境
represent:代表,可指具体代表或象征,范围更广
stand for:口语化,既可指缩写含义,也可指象征
signify:偏学术,强调意义的传达与表示
辨析重点:在文化类阅读中 symbolize 与 represent 可互换,但 stand for 通常不用于正式学术写作。
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8. suspend / postpone / delay / cancel
suspend:暂时中止,有重启的可能
例:Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games.(各城邦之间的战争在奥运会期间暂停。)
postpone:推迟到某个具体时间
delay:耽搁,不一定有明确的重启计划
cancel:彻底取消,不再进行
辨析重点:suspend ≠ cancel,专四选项中常设陷阱,考查是否理解”暂停”而非”取消”。
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【Passage Three】
9. manipulate / control / influence
manipulate:含贬义,指用手段操控他人使其按自己意图行事
例:you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency(你可以操控人们走向自给自足)
control:中性,强调掌控权
influence:影响,不含强制意味,可褒可贬
辨析重点:manipulate 专四阅读中常出现在社会类文章,含操控/利用之意,与 guide 截然不同。
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10. incentive / motivation / stimulus
incentive:外部诱因,通常指奖励机制(如金钱、福利)
例:the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do(激励措施只对那些与我们想法相同的人有效)
motivation:内在动机,心理驱动力
stimulus:刺激物,多用于经济学或心理学语境
辨析重点:incentive 是外部的,motivation 是内部的,专四写作与阅读均高频出现。
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11. probation / parole / sentence
probation:缓刑,罪犯不入狱但受监督
例:for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as “I beat it.”(对下层阶级来说,缓刑可能被理解为”我逃脱了”。)
parole:假释,服刑后提前释放但仍受约束
sentence:判决,泛指刑期
辨析重点:probation ≠ parole,前者不入狱,后者是出狱后的状态,专四法律类阅读必备。
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12. plague / trouble / afflict / torment
plague:严重困扰,隐含反复性与难以摆脱的含义
例:the crime that plagues our communities(困扰我们社区的犯罪)
trouble:泛指麻烦,语气较轻
afflict:使受苦,多用于疾病、痛苦
torment:折磨,语气最强,含有精神或肉体的持续痛苦
辨析重点:plague 作动词时语气严重,专四社会类文章高频词,不可译为”瘟疫般地”。
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二、长难句分析
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【Passage One · 长难句1】
原文:
My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay.
结构拆解:
主句1:My time was my own(我的时间是自由的)
时间状语:after the afternoon board, Saturdays(在下午交易结束后,以及周六)
主句2:I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay
——be accustomed to doing sth.(习惯于做某事)
——putting it in = spending the time(把时间花在……上)
——on a little sail-boat on the bay(在海湾上的一艘小帆船上)
译文:
下午的股票交易结束后以及每逢周六,我的时间便属于我自己,我习惯于驾着海湾上的一艘小帆船消磨时光。
考点提示:be accustomed to 后接动名词,易与 be used to do 混淆;put in time = spend time,是惯用表达。
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【Passage One · 长难句2】
原文:
Well, the brothers, chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it.
结构拆解:
主干:the brothers happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a stranger
插入语:chatting along(一边闲聊)
名词修饰链(修饰 stranger):
——who should be turned adrift in London without a friend
——with no money but that million-pound bank-note(除了那张百万英镑钞票别无分文)
——and no way to account for his being in possession of it(且无法解释为何拥有它)
难点:
account for:解释说明(不是”占……比例”,此处是另一常见义项)
his being in possession of it:动名词复合结构,his 是动名词的逻辑主语
译文:
两兄弟一边闲聊,偶然开始猜想:一个完全诚实且聪明的陌生人,若被孤身抛在伦敦,身无分文,只有那张百万英镑的钞票,却又无法解释自己为何持有它,他的命运将会如何?
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【Passage Two · 长难句】
原文:
The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace.
结构拆解:
主句:The symbolism may come from the fact(这种象征意义或许来自这样一个事实)
同位语从句:that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit(橄榄树需要很长时间才能结果)
结果状语:so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace(因此橄榄只有在长期和平中才能成功种植)
难点:
the fact that 引导同位语从句,注意与定语从句区分(the fact which/that 中 which 可作成分,that 引导同位语从句时不作成分)
译文:
这种象征意义或许来自这样一个事实:橄榄树需要很长时间才能结出果实,因此橄榄只有在长期和平的环境下才能成功种植。
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【Passage Three · 长难句1】
原文:
Not only can we never find the “perfect” punishment, our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime.
结构拆解:
倒装结构:Not only can we never find…(not only 置于句首,引发部分倒装)
主句2:our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness
——be complicated by:被……所复杂化
冒号后补充说明:to let the punishment fit the crime(让惩罚与罪行相称)
难点:
not only…but also 的倒装用法在专四写作中可直接借用;
let the punishment fit the crime 是英语习语,意为”罪刑相当”。
译文:
我们不仅永远无法找到”完美”的惩罚方式,对公正的追求——即让惩罚与罪行相称——还让我们对最优刑罚的探索变得更加复杂。
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【Passage Three · 长难句2】
原文:
Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Working hard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessness and poverty are only the obvious symptoms.
结构拆解:
这是一组排比递进句,核心逻辑是:
条件:Without hope for the future(没有对未来的希望)
推论1:努力工作没有意义
推论2:努力学习/取悦上司/避免早孕没有意义
核心比喻:hopelessness = the deadly disease(绝望 = 致命疾病)
症状类比:lawlessness and poverty = obvious symptoms(违法和贫困 = 表面症状)
难点:
makes no sense:没有意义,注意三个动名词短语并列时谓语动词用单数
病症比喻(disease / symptoms)是全文核心论点的文学化表达,呼应第50题标题选择题答案【Disease of Despair】
译文:
没有对未来的希望,在低薪工作中拼命努力便毫无意义;在学校勤奋学习、取悦老板、避免意外怀孕也同样毫无意义。致命的疾病是绝望本身,而违法犯罪与贫困,不过是显而易见的症状。
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附:真题选项易错点速记
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第41题:set one’s feet in the road to = 为……铺路/让……走上……的道路,选B(prepare me)而非D,注意 set feet ≠ start a journey,前者是比喻义。
第43题:Brother B 认为陌生人不会饿死,对钞票效用持【乐观/正面】态度,选D(positive),注意 neutral 是中立,reserved 是保守,negative 是负面。
第48题:作者对 Clinton 的提案态度:I’m not all that hopeful(我不太抱希望)——选A(Pessimistic 悲观),而非C(Suspicious 怀疑),两者细节有别:pessimistic 是对结果不看好,suspicious 是对动机有疑虑。
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