历年考研英语真题逐词逐句讲解 | 2022年英语(一)英译汉

四季读书网 2026-05-02 15:55:19 5 0

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①真题文本来自官方（大纲后面的附录），不存在多词少词的问题。

②作为老师，“教是为了不教”（叶圣陶），教会学习者自学是于慧真题100篇的第一任务！教会学习者自学，也就是教会学习者“倒推”，学习者一旦熟练掌握了“倒推”之技能，便能借助参考译文基于结构理解看不懂的句子。有鉴于此，一旦参考译文脱离原文形式过多，通常就会在解说里给一个照结构的字面意思。照结构的字面意思都知道了，那个句子当然就不需要老师讲解了。

③结构图力求做到概念层次清楚，一目了然，让句法变得简单易学，让句法结构分析真正起到帮助理解句子意思的作用，给全国乃至世界树立句法结构分析标杆。使用世界认可的句法五分法，词、短语及分句充当句子的最大构成单位，主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语为最大构成单位的功能名称（如结构图中的主干所示）。补语包括主语补语和宾语补语。没有表语这个概念（叫主语补语），没有表语自然就没有“主系表”之说；“主谓补”并非是标新立异，跟传统语法和现代语法也没有关系，补语历史悠久，几百年前都有，而表语源自苏联版的语法书，国内最权威的语法书章振邦《新编高级英语语法》也没有表语这个概念（业内有句话叫“内行看章振邦，外行看张道真”）。没有介词宾语这个概念（叫介词的补足语），说介词宾语很大程度上是受汉语的影响，因为汉语语法有种理论认为介词可以作谓语带宾语。形容词跟的从句不叫宾语从句（叫形容词的补足语，名词性从句充当形容词的补足语），说宾语从句的也是受汉语的影响，因为汉语形容词可以作谓语带宾语（英语却不同，充当宾语的从句才叫宾语从句，连宾语都不是，何来宾语从句）。不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语也叫不定式分句、Ing分句、Ed分句，以便在其内部继续分析主谓宾补状。补语不同于补足语（亦称补足成分），因为补语是有别于主语、谓语、宾语、状语的概念，是句层面的概念，补足语是词组层面的概念，如介词的补足语，形容词的补足语、比较项的补足语等。状语从句是有别于名词性从句和定语从句的概念，宾语从句是有别于主语从句、补语从句（亦称表语从句）等名词性从句的概念。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French Army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.

I first discovered the Napoleonic code-breaking battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.” (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. Keen to read more, I was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.

I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?

Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which, I realized, was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.

As I researched Scovell’s story, I found far more of interest besides his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were bound up with the class politics of the Army at the time. His story of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.

说明：①凡是译文都叫参考译文（其他叫法是糊弄门外汉），命题组给的译文也不例外，于慧真题100篇叫官方译文（取自大纲中的附录）是便于区分。②官方译文是十几位全国顶级英语教授封闭近一个月的集体智慧。③结合【句句解说】，细品历年的官方译文，不仅会提高精读能力，还会不知不觉地悟出一些翻译之道。翻译之道，英语（一）和（二）是不会有区别的。

46. It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.

【官方译文】这也是一场编码者和破译者之间的较量，即便对熟读这段历史的很多人来说，这也是闻所未闻的。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“它（It）也是一场编码者和破译者之间的较量，即便（even）对（to）熟知（well read）这段时期的很多人来说，这（this）也是闻所未闻的”。句首的It指代本文第一句中的struggle，这里译为“这”比译为“它”更妥当。插入语中的this指代it was a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them这个事实。介词短语中的read，从句法上看，显然是用作形容词（注意前面是to many people ），well read…是形容词短语作many people后置定语（长的形容词短语作定语必须后置）。those who made codes可译为（电文的）编码者（们）。them指代codes（密码,编码），those who broke them译为“破译者（们）”或“解码者（们）”都可以，编码者”之下和“破译者”之下加不加“们”字都可以（觉得加上读起来更顺，那就加上）。

47. It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.

【官方译文】附录列出了从西班牙的法国驻军截获的许多加密文件，将其破译的是英军司令部一位名叫乔治•斯科威尔的军官。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“它（It）列出了从西班牙的法国军队缴获的许多加密文件，其秘密（whose secrets）是英国司令部的一位名叫乔治•斯科威尔的军官的劳动揭露的”（“是……的”句式常用于翻译被动语态句子）。句首那个It指代上文刚刚提到过的appendix（附录），命题人译作实称（不常见），值得注意。documents in code命题人译作“加密文件”，这是通俗说法，而译成“用密码写出的文件”也未尝不可。“西班牙的法国军队”不符合习惯说法，“俘获文件”也不符合习惯说法（俘获意指俘虏和缴获）。两个定语从句的先行项都是many documents in code，其中that分句说明这些文件的出处，whose分句的照结构的字面意思（“……是……的劳动揭露的”）很明显不可读，需要处理一下才能作为参考译文或者说才能达到满分要求，处理可以简单点，如仅去掉“的劳动”这三个字，也可以复杂一点，如“其秘密是在英军司令部里一位名叫乔治•斯科威尔的军官的努力下揭开的”。

48. he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.

【官方译文】他无法详细分析这位无名军官对那场国家间的大战是否做过什么贡献，也确实无法告诉我们多少此人的个人情况。

【句句解说】命题组给的这个参考译文基本上是个照结构的字面意思。本句关键是厘清结构，能看出not…or…（既不…也不…）结构，句子就好理解了。carefully，文中这里不可译成“小心地，谨慎地”，可译成“仔细地，细致地”等。obscure是个多义词，“根据上下文不难推出”（命题组），文中这里可以理解成“无名的，默默无闻的”等。may or may not have done表达的是对过去事实的不确定性，“可能做过也可能没做过”，译作“是否……”，值得学习。contribute sth to/towards sth的字面意是“对什么贡献过什么”，即“对什么做过什么贡献”。

49. There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.

【官方译文】拿破仑战争期间可能有过很多间谍和情报官，但要找到真正由他们提供或处理过的材料，通常却非常困难。

【句句解说】usually跟 extremely没有关系，前者是状语成分，后者是形容词 difficult的修饰语，如结构图1。参考译文，前面分句是个照结构的字面意思，后面分句照结构（图1）的字面意思是，“但是要找到他们确实提供过或处理过的资料通常（usually）是（is）非常（extremely）困难的”，这个照结构的字面意思是可读的，通顺的，意思也清楚、忠实，完全可以作为参考译文。intelligence 是个多义词，文中这里理解成“智力军官”显然是讲不通的。actually也是个多义词，纸质词典列有“的确，确实，真实地，真正，竟然，事实上，实际上，其实，如今，现在”等义项，取“确实”或“的确”之义项读起来似乎最为通顺。work on也是个多义词，纸质词典列有“专攻;致力于,忙于;打理;处理;研究;调查”等义项，取“处理”之义项很贴切，读起来也最为通顺。参考译文，but分句是先译真正主语，并对其中的定语从句作了意译处理；也可以译成“然而人们通常极难找到他们确实提供过或处理过的材料”，这也是高分或满分。“‘但’字我主张不要单用，因为口头通常说‘但是’”（叶圣陶）。

结构图2将 usually extremely视为了一个最大构成单位（状语），这是教科书式的划分，普通考研真题书很可能也是这样划分的（有兴趣的同学不妨查阅相关书籍，以增添使用于慧真题100篇的信心），照其划分，but分句照结构的字面意思是，“但是要找到他们确实提供过或处理过的资料通常非常（usually extremely）是（is）困难的”，很明显，句法结构分析在这里根本就没有起到帮助理解句意的作用。

50. Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.

【官方译文】正如密码破译对于那场争夺西班牙的战争有着更广泛的意义，他谋求晋升的种种努力也充分说明了当时英国社会的现实。

【句句解说】本句照结构的字面意思是，“正如密码破译在（in）西班牙的战争中有着（has）更广泛的意义，他在升官晋级的阶梯上不断攀爬的努力/尝试，也充分说明了英国社会”。Just as…so…结构是很正式的用法，表示两种情况类比（indicating similarities），词典给的义项有“正如…那样，…也是如此”“正如…，…也一样”“同样”等。例如：Just as John has changed, so has his wife. 正如约翰已经变了那样，他太太也变了。Just as solid can change into liquid, so can liquid change into solid.正如固体可以变成液体，液体同样可以变成固体。Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer.正如法国人喜欢喝葡萄酒一样，英国人喜欢喝啤酒。way是个多义词，跟其搭配的习语相当多，很难全部掌握，理解时通常都需要根据上下文推断。make his way既可以作go解，又可以作succeed（获得成功）解。speak volumes about是一个及物词组动词，意思是“有力地证明;充分证明”。

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