📖 原文
(1) Around the year 1500, hunting people occupied the entire northern third of North (2) America. They lived well from the animals with whom they shared these lands. Hunters (3) of sea mammals had colonized the Arctic coasts of Canada and Greenland between four (4) and five thousand years before. Land-hunting people had lived throughout much of the (5) northern interior for at least 12,000 years. (6) Northern North America is part of a larger circumpolar ecological domain that (7) continues across the narrow Bering Strait into Siberia and northern Europe. The overall (8) circumpolar environment in the 1500's was not very different from the environment of (9) the present. This vast landmass had a continental climate and was dominated by cold (10) arctic air throughout a long winter and spring season. Summer temperatures ranged (11) from near freezing to the mid-20's Celsius, while winter temperatures were often as low (12) as 40 degrees below zero Celsius. (13) Geographers divide the overall circumpolar domain into two zones, the Arctic and, (14) below it, the Subarctic. They refer to the landforms of these areas as tundra and taiga, (15) respectively. (16) Temperatures in the northern lands were below freezing for eight or nine months of (17) the year. Subsurface soil in the Arctic's tundra remained permanently frozen. Even (18) when summer temperatures were above freezing and the top inches of earth became (19) saturated with water, the soil below remained frozen into a permafrost, as hard as rock. (20) When water flowed upon the surface of permanently frozen tundra, it made overland (21) travel extremely difficult. Summer travel in the boggy lands, or muskey country, of the (22) Subarctic's taiga was also slow and arduous. Tracking animals was more difficult than it (23) was during the winter when the swampy ground was frozen solid and covered with (24) snow. In both tundra and taiga, hordes of mosquitoes and biting flies bred in the standing (25) pools of water. Clothing lost its thermal efficiency when it became damp. Northern (26) people looked forward to the turn of the season to bring the easier traveling conditions (27) associated with cold weather. In the Arctic, they could haul food and supplies by dogsled (28) while in the Subarctic, people could travel quickly and efficiently by snowshoes and (29) toboggan.
❓ 试题解析
问题 1： The word "domain" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A. temperature
B. period
C. region
D. process
✅ 正确答案： C）region
📝 解析："circumpolar ecological domain" — domain 指环绕极地的生态区域。
💡 解题技巧：词汇题结合上下文地理范围描述。
问题 2： Which of the following terms is used to describe the landforms of the Arctic region?
A. Subarctic
B. Taiga
C. Tundra
D. Muskey
✅ 正确答案： C）Tundra
📝 解析：文中明确"the Arctic and ... the Subarctic. They refer to the landforms of these areas as tundra and taiga, respectively" — 北极对应 tundra。
💡 解题技巧：细节题定位对应关系（respectively）。
问题 3： For how many months of the year were temperatures below freezing in the circumpolar region?
A. 4-5 months
B. 6 months
C. 8-9 months
D. 12 months
✅ 正确答案： C）8-9 months
📝 解析："Temperatures in the northern lands were below freezing for eight or nine months of the year"。
💡 解题技巧：细节题直接定位数字。
问题 4： The word "saturated" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A. enriched
B. dissolved
C. removed
D. soaked
✅ 正确答案： D）soaked
📝 解析："the top inches of earth became saturated with water" — saturated = 浸透的。
💡 解题技巧：词汇题：saturated with water = soaked with water。
问题 5： The word "arduous" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. humid
B. difficult
C. indirect
D. unnecessary
✅ 正确答案： B）difficult
📝 解析："Summer travel ... was also slow and arduous" — arduous = 艰难的。
💡 解题技巧：词汇(题结合并列词"slow"推断。
问题 6： The word "standing" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
A. not flowing
B. very deep
C. numerous
D. contaminated
✅ 正确答案： A）not flowing
📝 解析："standing pools of water" — standing water = 静止的水/不流动的水。
💡 解题技巧：词汇题：standing = stagnant = not flowing。
问题 7： All of the following are mentioned as having made travel in the summer difficult EXCEPT
A. insects
B. wet clothing
C. swampy lands
D. lack of supplies
✅ 正确答案： D）lack of supplies
📝 解析：文中提到 insects (lines 24-25)、wet clothing (line 25)、swampy lands (lines 21-22)，未提到物资缺乏。
💡 解题技巧："EXCEPT"题逐一排除文中明确提到的困难因素。
问题 8： The subsurface soil in the Arctic's tundra is most comparable to which of the following?
A. Cement
B. A bog
C. A pond
D. Sand
✅ 正确答案： A）Cement
📝 解析："the soil below remained frozen into a permafrost, as hard as rock" — 比作岩石，选项中最接近的是水泥（坚硬）。
💡 解题技巧：推理题找比喻词（as hard as rock）。
问题 9： Where in the passage does the author mention a means by which people traveled in the northern lands?
A. Lines 2-4
B. Lines 6-7
C. Lines 20-21
D. Lines 27-29
✅ 正确答案： D）Lines 27-29
📝 解析：最后几句提到旅行方式：dogsled, snowshoes, toboggan。
💡 解题技巧：定位题关键词：traveled, dogsled, snowshoes, toboggan。
🌐 中文翻译
大约在公元1500年，狩猎民族占据了北美整个北部的三分之一。他们与他们共享这些土地的动物一起生活得很好。海生哺乳动物的猎人在四五千年前就已经殖民了加拿大和格陵兰的北极海岸。陆地狩猎民族至少在一万两千年的时间里一直生活在北部内陆的大部分地区。 北美北部是一个更大的环极生态区域的一部分，这个区域穿过狭窄的白令海峡一直延伸到西伯利亚和北欧。1500年代的整体环极环境与现在的环境没有太大不同。这片广阔的土地属于大陆性气候，在漫长的冬春季节被寒冷的极地空气所主导。夏季气温从接近冰点到摄氏20多度不等，而冬季气温常常低至零下40摄氏度。 地理学家将整个环极区域划分为两个地带：北极地区及其下方的亚北极地区。他们分别将这些地区的陆地形态称为苔原和针叶林带。 北部地区的温度一年中有八九个月低于冰点。北极苔原的地表以下土壤永久冻结。即使夏季气温高于冰点，地表几英寸的土壤被水浸透，下面的土壤仍然冻结成永冻层，坚硬如岩石。当水流过永久冻结的苔原表面时，使得陆上旅行极为困难。亚北极针叶林带的沼泽地或泥炭地夏季旅行也缓慢而艰难。追踪动物比冬天更困难，因为冬天沼泽地冻结成固体并被雪覆盖。在苔原和针叶林带，成群的蚊子和叮咬的飞虫在静止的水池中繁殖。衣服受潮后会丧失保暖效率。北方人期待着季节转换，带来与寒冷天气相关的更容易的旅行条件。在北极地区，他们可以用狗拉雪橇运送食物和补给，而在亚北极地区，人们可以用雪鞋和雪橇快速高效地旅行。
