pay | sb. pay（s） some money for sth. |
spend | sb. spend（s） some money on sth./doing sth. sb. spend（s） some time on sth./（in） doing sth. |
take | It takes （sb.） some time to do sth./sth. takes some time |
cost | sth. cost（s） sb. some money |
I paid 20 yuan for this notebook. She spent an hour reading English every morning. It takes us 20 minutes to walk to school. This dictionary cost me 80 yuan.
take，bring，carry与get
词汇 | 意义及用法 | 例句 |
take（→） | “带走，拿走”，把某物或某人从说话处带到别处。 | Shall I take a gift to my host family？我要不要给主人家带件礼物呢？ |
bring（←） | “带来，拿来”，把某物或某人从别处带到说话处。 | Next time I’ll bring a book.下次我会带本书来。 |
carry（↑） | “携带，扛，搬运”，不强调方向，但有负重感。 | Let me carry your case for you. 我来帮你提箱子吧。 |
get（⇌） | “去取来，去拿来”，强调往返的动作。 | She has gone to get some milk. 她去取了一些牛奶。 |
Please take these books to the teacher’s office. Remember to bring your homework here tomorrow. The box is heavy. Let me carry it for you. Could you go and get some chalk from the store?
across，over，through与past
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
across | 表示从表面“穿过；横过”，着重指从一边到另一边。常用短语：across from 在……对面。 |
over | 表示从上方“越过”。 |
through | 表示从空间内部“穿过；横过”。 |
past | 表示从旁边“经过”。 |
Walk across the street, and you’ll see the bank. The plane flew over the mountains. The river runs through the small town. I go past the library on my way home.
find，find out，look for与look up
词（组） | 意义及用法 |
find | “找到，发现”，强调找的结果。 |
find out | “查明”，强调经过一番努力查明情况或弄清事实真相。 |
look for | “寻找”，侧重寻找的过程，强调动作。 |
look up | “查阅”，指在词典等资料中查找；还可译为“向上看”。 |
I looked for my pen everywhere, but I didn’t find it. Please find out when the train leaves. You can look up the new word in the dictionary.
tell，say，speak与talk
词汇 | 意义及用法 | 常见搭配 |
tell | “告诉；讲述；辨别；命令”，强调讲给别人听。可接双宾语。 | tell sb.（not） to do sth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 tell sb.（about） sth.告诉某人（关于）某事 tell stories讲故事 tell A from B 区分A和B |
say | “说”，侧重内容。 | say thanks/sorry/goodbye to sb. 向某人说谢谢/对不起/再见 |
speak | “说（话）”，强调说的语言或能力。 | speak English/Chinese说英语/汉语 speak to sb.同某人说话 |
talk | “说话；交谈”，强调与人交流。 talk还可作名词，意为“演讲；演说”。 | talk to/with sb.和某人交谈 talk about sth.谈论某事 give a talk 作演讲 |
My mom often tells me stories before bed. He said sorry to me for being late. She can speak English and French well. They are talking about the coming sports meeting.
borrow，lend与keep
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
borrow | 意为“借；借入”，常用于borrow sth. from sb./sp.结构中，表示向某人/从某处借某物。 |
lend | 意为“借出”，常用于lend sb. sth.或lend sth. to sb.结构中，表示把某物借给某人。 |
keep | 意为“保留”，是延续性动词，表示“借一段时间”，常用于“keep sth. for＋一段时间”结构中。 |
I borrowed a book from the school library yesterday. Can you lend your ruler to me? You can keep this book for two weeks.
voice，noise与sound
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
voice | 指说话、唱歌的声音，意为“嗓音”。 in a low/loud voice小声/大声地。 |
noise | 可作可数或不可数名词，意为“噪声，吵闹声”，常指让人不舒服的声音或嘈杂声。make a noise制造噪声。 |
sound | 泛指耳朵能听到的任何声音。 |
She has a beautiful voice. Don’t make so much noise in class. Light travels faster than sound.
fill...with...，be filled with与be full of
辨析 | 用法 |
fill...with... | 动词短语，意为“用……把……填满”，强调动作，主语通常为人。 |
be filled with | fill...with...的被动语态，也可作形容词短语，意为“充满”。 |
be full of | 形容词短语，意为“充满”，侧重于状态。 |
He filled the bottle with clean water. The box is filled with old books. The park is full of happy children.
alone与lonely
词汇 | 词性 | 意义及示例 |
alone | adj. | “单独的；独自的”，be alone 一个人待着 |
adv. | “单独；独自”， live alone独居 | |
lonely | adj. | “孤独的；寂寞的”，be/feel lonely 感到寂寞 “荒凉的；偏僻的”， a lonely island 一座荒凉的岛 |
The old man lives alone, but he never feels lonely. It’s dangerous for a girl to walk alone at night.
wear，dress，put on与 （be）in
词（组） | 用法 |
wear | 强调状态，后接衣服、鞋帽、饰物等。 |
dress | 强调动作，dress sb.给某人穿衣服，dress up 乔装打扮，get dressed穿上衣服。 |
put on | 强调动作，后接衣服、鞋帽、饰物等。宾语是代词时置于put和on之间。 |
（be） in | 强调状态，后接表示衣物或饰物颜色的名词。 |
She wears a red dress today. Hurry up and put on your coat. The boy in blue is my brother. The mother is dressing her baby.
win与beat
词汇 | 含义及用法 | 示例 |
win （won， won） | ①“赢”，后接表示比赛（game）、奖品（prize）、战争（war）或荣誉等作宾语。 ②“获胜”，后不接宾语。 | ①After beating all the other competitors，Lisa won the singing competition. ②The rain beat against the windows heavily. |
beat （beat， beaten） | ①“打败”，后接对手（人或团队）作宾语。 ②“击打”，指连续击打。 |
We beat Class Two and won the basketball game. He tried his best and won first prize.
another，other，the other，others与the others
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
another | 泛指“三者或三者以上中的另一个”。 |
other | “另外的；其他的”。常与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用。each other＝one another，意为“彼此；互相”。 |
the other | 指两者中的“另一个”。常构成“one...， the other...”结构。 |
others | 泛指别的人或物；常构成“some...， others...”结构表示对比，意为“一些……，另一些……”。 |
the others | 特指其余的人或物（指其余全部）。 |
I don’t like this pen. Show me another one. Some students are reading; others are writing. I have two brothers. One is a doctor; the other is a teacher.
join，attend与take part in
join | “参加；加入”，侧重指加入某个党派、团体、组织等，并成为其中一员。也可接人作宾语。 | join the army/party（党派）/team/club... join sb. in （doing） sth. |
attend | “出席”，指出席会议等，自己不一定起积极作用。 | attend school/a meeting... |
take part in | “参与”，表示参加会议或活动，且在其中发挥一定作用。 | take part in a discussion/an activity/a fight/a celebration... |
He wants to join the English club. All the students must attend the meeting. We will take part in the school sports meet
question与problem
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
question | ①指说话人需要寻找答案的问题，常与ask， answer连用； ②It’s a question of sth. 这是与……有关的事； ③可作动词，意为“表示疑问；怀疑”。 |
problem | ①指说话人认为难以解决的问题，常与solve，think about，work out，deal with（2015.29）连用； ②（考试、教科书中）遇到的难题。如：a math problem 一道数学难题； ③常用短语：no problem 没问题；不客气；没关系。 |
Can you answer this question? We should try to solve this problem.
instead与instead of
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
instead | 副词，意为“代替；反而”，用于句首或句尾，表示前面的事没做，而做了后面的事。 |
instead of | 介词短语，意为“代替；而不是”，后接名词、代词或动名词等。 |
He didn’t go to the park. He stayed at home instead. I will go to the cinema instead of watching TV.
except，besides，but与except for
词汇 | 意义 | 用法 |
except | 除……之外， 把……排除在外 | 强调被排除的部分不包括在内，except后的词是被排除的部分。 |
besides | 除……之外（还有……） | 强调被排除的部分也包括在内，besides后的词是包括在内的部分。 |
but | 除……之外 | but后的词是仅有或存在的内容，常与nobody， none， nothing， all， everything等词连用，有时可与except互换。 |
except for | 除……之外 | 主要用来谈论不同种类的东西，指对某种基本情况进行具体细节方面的修正。 |
Everyone went to the park except Tom. Besides English, he is good at math. The article is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
happen与take place
词（组） | 用法 |
happen | 意为“发生；碰巧”，一般用于偶然或者突发的事件 sth. happen（s） to sb.某人发生某事 sb. happen（s） to do sth.某人碰巧做某事 |
take place | 意为“发生；出现；举行”，一般指有计划的安排 |
What happened to you yesterday? The sports meeting will take place next Friday.
provide，give与offer
词汇 | 意义 | 常用结构 |
provide | “提供；供应” | provide sb. with sth. ＝provide sth. for sb. |
give | “给予” | give sb. sth. ＝give sth. to sb. |
offer | “主动提出；自愿给予” | offer sb. sth. ＝offer sth. to sb. |
They provided us with enough food and water. My father gave me a new bike as a birthday gift. He offered to help me with my English.
buy，sell与sale
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
buy | 动词，意为“买”。buy sb. sth.或buy sth. for sb.，“给某人买某物”；buy sth. from sp. “从某处买某物” |
sell | 动词，意为“卖；出售”。sell sb. sth.或sell sth. to sb.，“把某物卖给某人”；sth. sell（s） well，“某物畅销”；sell out 卖完；售完 |
sale | 名词，意为“出售，销售”。on sale“出售，廉价出售”；for sale“供出售，待售” |
I bought a new bag from the shop last week. The shop sells all kinds of school things. Many clothes are on sale in this store.
used to do sth.，be/get used to（doing）sth.与be used to do sth.
结构 | 意义及用法 | 例句 |
used to do sth. | 意为“过去常常做某事”，只用于过去时。说明现在不做了。 | I used to get up late in the morning， but now I’m used to getting up early. 我过去早上常常起得很晚，但我现在习惯早起。 |
be/get used to （doing） sth. | 意为“习惯于（做）某事”，其中to是介词。 | |
be used to do sth. | 意为“被用来做某事”。 | A knife is used to cut things. 刀是用来切东西的。 |
I used to get up late, but now I get up early. He is used to getting up early. Wood is used to make paper.
please，pleased，pleasure与pleasant
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
please | 动词，意为“使愉快，使满意”。另外，也可作感叹词，意为“请”。 |
pleased | 形容词，意为“高兴的”，作表语，常修饰人。常用结构：be pleased with对……感到满意；be pleased to do sth.乐于做某事。 |
pleasure | 名词，作“高兴，快乐，愉快，满意”讲时，为不可数名词；作“乐事，快事”讲时，为可数名词。It’s a pleasure./My pleasure. 不客气。（帮忙之后表示不客气） With pleasure. 很乐意。（帮忙之前表示乐意效劳） |
pleasant | 形容词，意为“令人愉快的；友好的，和善的”，作定语或表语。 |
The good news pleased all of us. My parents are pleased with my grades. It’s a pleasant trip. We all had a good time.
how long，how often，how soon与how far
词组 | 用法 |
how long | 表示“多长时间”，对时间段进行提问，答语通常是“for＋时间段”或“since＋过去的具体时间点/时间段＋ago/一般过去时态的从句”。另外，how long也可以对长度提问，表示“多长”。 |
how often | 表示“多久一次”，对频率提问。 |
how soon | 表示“还要多久”，答语通常是“in＋时间段”。 |
how far | 表示“多远”，对距离提问。 |
How long have you lived here? For five years. How often do you exercise? Twice a week. How soon will you come back? In an hour. How far is it from your home to school? About two kilometers.
either，also，too与as well
词（组） | 用法 |
either | 位于否定句句末。 |
also | 位于实义动词前，be动词、情态动词或助动词后。不用于句末。 |
too | 一般位于肯定句句末。另外，其用于形容词或副词前，表示“太……”。 |
as well | 位于肯定句句末，其前不用逗号隔开。 |
He likes music. I like it, too. She can also play the piano. I don’t like bananas. My sister doesn’t like them, either. He can speak French as well.
raise与rise
词汇 | 意义及用法 | 举例 |
raise （及物动词） | 提升；举起；提起 | raise one’s hand举手 |
筹集（资金）；召集（人员） | raise money筹钱 | |
增加 | raise living costs 提高生活成本 | |
养育，抚养 | raise pets养宠物 | |
rise （不及物动词） | 上升；升起。后不能接宾语，强调“某人/某物自己站/升起来” | The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 |
增长。后不接宾语 | The price rises. 价格上涨。 |
Please raise your hand if you know the answer. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. We raised money for the poor children.
have been to，have gone to与have been in
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
have been to | “曾经去过某地”，现在已经回来。常与just， ever， never连用，后可接表次数的副词。 |
have gone to | “到某地去了”，指谈论的对象现在不在说话现场，一般不用第一、二人称作主语。 |
have been in | “在某地待了多久”，常与表示时间的结构连用（since 1998/for five weeks/...）。 |
I have been to Beijing twice. My father has gone to Shanghai. He will come back next week. She has been in this city for ten years.
achieve，realize与come true
词汇 | 意义及用法 | 例句 |
achieve | 意为“（通过努力）达到；完成；实现”，其主语一般为人。 | Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims. 要达到这些目标需要齐心协力。 |
realize | 意为“实现；将……变为现实”，主语为人，后常接愿望、梦想等。也可表示“理解；意识到”。 | We try to help all students realize their dreams. 我们试图帮助所有的学生实现梦想。 |
come true | 意为“实现”，其主语一般为希望、愿望等，且不能用于被动语态。 | After years of hard work， his dream came true at last. 多年的努力之后，他的梦想最终实现了。 |
He works hard and will achieve his dream. I hope my dream will come true one day. She realized her dream of becoming a teacher.
compare...with...与compare...to...
词组 | 意义及用法 |
compare... with... | 意为“把……和……作比较”，常表示同类相比、比较。 |
compare... to... | 意为“把……比作……”，常表示异类相比、比喻。另外，还可表示“把……与……比较”，此时可与compare...with...互换。 |
People often compare teachers to candles. Compare this picture with that one, and you’ll find the difference.
lie与lay
原形 | 词性 | 意义 | 过去式 | 过去 分词 | 现在 分词 |
lie | v. | 躺；位于；平放 | lay | lain | lying |
v. | 撒谎 | lied | lied | lying | |
n. | 谎言 | / | / | / | |
lay | v. | 下蛋；放置 | laid | laid | laying |
Don’t lie on the cold ground. He lied to me about his homework. The hen lays an egg every day.
sleep，sleepy与asleep
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
sleep | 作动词时，强调睡觉这个动作；作名词时，意为“睡眠”。 |
sleepy | 形容词，意为“困倦的，昏昏欲睡的”。 |
asleep | 形容词，意为“睡着的”，只能作表语，反义词为awake。 |
I need to sleep for eight hours every night. I feel sleepy because I stayed up late. The baby is asleep in the bed.
a number of与the number of
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
a number of | 意为“一些，许多”，后接可数名词复数；“a number of＋复数名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 |
the number of | 意为“……的数量”，后接可数名词复数；“the number of＋复数名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 |
A number of students are playing on the playground. The number of the students in our class is 45.
lively，living，live与alive
词汇 | 意义及用法 |
lively | adj.“精力充沛的；生机勃勃的；活跃热情的；鲜艳的”，可修饰人或物。 |
living | adj. “活的，现存的”，强调“尚在人间”，修饰人或物。 n.“生计；生活”，make a living 谋生。 |
live | adj.“活的”，只修饰物。 adj.“现场直播的；实况转播的”。 v.“居住；生活；生存”。 adv.“在现场直播；在现场表演”。 |
alive | adj.“活着；在世”， 强调生与死的界限，作表语、后置定语，可修饰人或物。 |
Our teacher makes his class lively and interesting. His grandfather is still living at the age of 90. The cat caught a live mouse. Keep the fish alive until we get home.
