一、连词
一、连词：用来连接词、短语、句子，表示它们之间关系的词。虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只起连接作用。
二、分类
1. 并列连词（连接并列结构：词 / 短语 / 句子）前后时态结构词性保持一致
① 表并列 / 顺承：and 和/并且，both…and…两者都，not only…but also…不但…而且…，as well as也/和
② 表转折：but 但是yet 然而while 而（对比）however 然而（副词，常作插入语）
③ 表选择：or 或者，否则。either…or…要么…要么…，neither…nor…既不… 也不…
④ 表因果/果因：so 所以，for 因为（补充说明，放句中）
我们用并列连词来表示前后简单句的不同关系，常见的并列关系和并列连词有：
①并列/顺承关系：表示并列关系的连词有and。
I help her and she helps me. 我帮她，她帮我。 He is a good teacher and he always helps with my English
②转折关系：常用的表示转折关系的连词有but等。
He is very old but he is in good health. It is very good, but it can be better.
③选择或条件关系：表示条件或结果关系的连接词有or 等。
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. Hurry up, or you'll be late. 快，要不然你要迟到了。
要注意祈使句和and/but的连用的情况：Study harder and you will be the best student。
④因果关系：表示因果关系的连词so。
I had a headache，so I went to bed. 我头痛，因此上床睡觉了。
⑤果因关系：常用连词有for等。
We believe that he will succeed, for he has talent．我们相信他会成功的，因为他有才华。
一、用正确的并列连词填空，使句子通顺（注意观察连词前后句子的时态/结构/词性）。
1.I like English, ______ it’s very interesting.
2.Get up early, ______ you’ll be late for school.
3.He is tired, ______ he keeps working.
4.Study hard, ______ you can get good grades.
5.I like reading, ______ my brother likes playing sports.
6.It was raining, ______ we stayed at home.
7.Hurry up, ______ we’ll miss the bus.
8.He didn’t go to school, ______ he was ill.
并列句：是由并列连词（如 and、but、or、so、for等连接两个或两个以上的简单句组合而成。
示例：I like reading, and my sister likes watching TV.（我喜欢阅读，我妹妹喜欢看电视。）
这个句子由两个简单句“I like reading” 和 “my sister likes watching TV” 组成，通过并列连词 “and” 连接，表示前后两个句子的意思是并列或顺承存在的。并列连词连接平行结构：词性一致，结构一致，时态一致
判断改错（找出并列句错误并改正）
1.He is poor, and he is honest.→
2.Hurry up, or you will be late.→
3.Get up early, and you will miss the first bus.→
4.I like apples, and I don’t like bananas.→
5.He likes singing and dance.→
6.She got up early and goes to school.→
7.The book is interesting and help.→
8.I want to buy a pen and playing football.→
9.They talked and laugh happily.→
10.He is strong and carefully.→
2. 从属连词（引导从句，主句 + 从句）从属连词的考法其实就是考状语从句，先死记硬背下面连词的意思。
① 时间状语从句：when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as
② 原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that
③ 条件状语从句：if, unless, as long as
④ 让步状语从句：though, although, even if, even though
⑤ 目的 / 结果状语从句：so that, in order that, so…that…, such…that…
⑥ 比较状语从句：than, as…as…, not so/as…as…
三、考试必考重点（必背）
1. 并列连词就近原则（谓语单复数看靠近的主语）
有：either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；or。例：Either you or he is wrong.
2. 就远原则（谓语看前面的主语）
有：as well as和...；rather than而不是...；together with和...一起；along with和...一起；including包括...
例：He as well as his parents likes music.
3. 不能连用的 “冤家组合”
because 不与 so 连用；though/although 不与 but 连用（可与 yet 连用）
错误：Because he was ill, so he didn’t come.正确：Because he was ill, he didn’t come.
4.个别连词的区别：
and /or/but： and 顺承；or 选择 / 否则；but 转折
so that & so…that…：so that 目的状语从句：为了；so…that… 结果状语从句：如此… 以至于…
（主从）复合句：
复合句是指：主从复合句（俗称从句）。结构：由简单句A+从属连词+简单句B构成，其中由从属连词连接的句子叫从句，另一个句子叫主句，从句不能独立存在，从句在另一个句子（主句）中充当某种成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等，所以从句有：主语从句，宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、定语从句和状语从句等六类。从句永远是用来服务于主句的，对主句起修饰作用，一般用陈述句语序。
初中常见的复合句类型有：（初二状语从句，初三宾语从句+定语从句）。当从句是对主句动作发生的时间进行说明时，则为时间状语从句；对原因进行解释则为原因状语从句。
如：she was watching TV at nine yesterday （简单句，at nine yesterday为时间状语）
she was watching TV when I called her （复合句，when引导的从句为时间状语从句对主句发生时间进行说明）
We can’t go outside because of the rain （简单句）
We can’t go outside because it rains heavily （复合句，because+从句对主句的动作的原因进行说明，原状从）
状语从句结构：主+谓+宾+从属连词+主+谓+宾
示例：When I arrived home, my parents were watching TV.（当我到家时，我的父母正在看电视。）
“When I arrived home” 是状语从句，在句中充当时间状语，说明主句动作发生的时间。
状语（Adverbial）定义：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。举例：“He runs quickly.”（“quickly” 是状语，修饰 “runs”，表示跑的方式）。
一：状语的分类
1.时间状语：表示动作发生的时间。
如：yesterday、today、tomorrow、in the morning/evening（在早/晚上）、last/next+时间名词...
2.地点状语：表示动作发生的地点。
如：at home（在家）、in the park（在公园）、on the street（在街上）、in the classroom（在教室里）等。
3.方式状语：表示动作的方式。
如：slowly（慢慢地）、quickly（迅速地）、carefully（仔细地）、loudly（大声地）、happily（高兴地）等。
4.原因状语：表示动作发生的原因。
如：because of...（因为…）、due to...（由于…）、thanks to...（多亏…）、owing to...（由于…）等。
5.目的状语：表示动作的目的。
如：in order to...（为了…）、so as to...（以便…）、for the purpose of...（为了… 的目的）等。
6.结果状语：表示动作的结果。
如：so...that...（如此… 以至于…）、such...that...（如此… 以至于…）、therefore（因此）等。
7.条件状语：表示动作发生的条件。
例如：if（如果）、unless（除非）、as long as（只要）、on condition that（在… 条件下）等。
8.让步状语：表示虽然存在某种情况，但并不影响主句的动作。
例如：although/though（虽然）、even though/even if（即使）、no matter...（无论…）等。
状语从句:
八下状语从句（初二下教材P113）:考法只有一个：考从属连词,一般出现在完形填空中.
一个完整的句子修饰主句中的动词、形容词/副词或这个大句子等，充当状语的成分。起副词作用的句子（故也叫副词性从句）。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词/组)引导，从句位于句首或句中时常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用隔开。
一：时间状语从句
在时间状语从句中，由状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。When I went to the park，I saw him waiting for me。
要点：时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when（在…时）, as（当…时）, while（在…期间）, before（在…之前）, after（在...之后）, since（自从...以来）, not...until（直到…才）until/till(直到…时）等。特殊引导词：the minute/moment/second（一...就...）,the day（当某人...的这一天...）,every time（每次当某人...），no sooner… than（一...就...）, hardly…when（一...就...）, as soon as(一…就…)。
在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。考点：主将从现；主过从过。
当含有否定意义的连接词如：no sooner…than，hardly…when作为引导词且位于句首时，从句要部分（半）倒装。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 每当我听取你的建议时，我就会惹上麻烦。
二：原因状语从句
在原因状语从句中，由状语从句表示主句动作发生的原因。I didn’t go because I was afraid.
由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由 now that（既然...）等词引导。
特殊引导词：seeing that（有鉴于此...）, considering that（考虑到...条件，）, given that（给了...条件，那么...）.
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our class.
because , since , as , for,辨析
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。
2）当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。切记，because引导的原因状语从句中不可出现so
Because/Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
3）as和for的区别：通常情况下，for 引导的是一个并列句，不属于原因状语从句的范畴，只是可以表原因而已。
As the weather is cold, I stay at home.== I stay at home for the weather is cold
三：条件状语从句
在条件状语从句中，由状语从句给定主句动作发生的条件。I won’t go if it rains heavily.
要点：条件状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) as long as或。常用引导词：if（如果）, unless（除非）
特殊引导词：as/so long as（只要）, only if（只有...才...）, in case/on condition (that) 引导
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.初高中英语李老师15191416900（同微
提示：条件状语从句：当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.即：主将从现，主情从现，主祈从现。
He will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.They are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week.
Only if + 条件状语从句，主句。
only if（只有...才...）只有…才…（强调唯一条件，语气很强）主句要用部分倒装（助动词提前）
时态常用主将从现。例：Only if you work hard will you succeed
四：比较状语从句
要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。
原级
1. as…as 和...一样：Jack is as tall as Bob.2. not so(as)…as …和不一样：She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.
比较级
more…than (更)This book is more instructive than that one.这本书比那本书有教育意义。
最高级
1.The most…in/ofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。
2.the + 形容词+est…of/inThis road is the busiest street in our city.这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。
3.one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.
五：结果状语从句
结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。
1. so…that 如此…以至于
The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。
2. such…that 如此...以至于...
It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。
3.比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词.so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progress
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school==He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school
难点
so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，
当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等词。
so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.
such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数单数,则必须在名词前加冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.
1.there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any. 2.It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk.
3.Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 4.The weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk.
六：目的状语从句:
目的状语从句常由so that（为了；以便），in order that(为了)等引导，放在主句之后，从句中常用can，could，may，might等情态动词。in order that引导的从句可以放在主句前。so that引导的目的状语从句可转换成不定式短语。
He got up very early this morning in order that he could catch up with the early bus. 为了赶上早班车，他今天早晨起得很早。
We study hard so that we can go to college. 我们努力学习以便能考上大学。
七：让步状语从句
要点: 表示让步的状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though，no matter+特殊疑问词
although, though 辨析引导的让步状语从句，句中切记不可出现but
although 不能如though 那样用作副词, 放在句首表示强调时要用even though.
1.He is looking fit, though.2.Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.3.He is quite experienced, he is young, though.初高中英语李老师15191416900（同微
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless
2)as, though 引导的倒装句
3)ever if, even though. 即使We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5)"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.==Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever无论什么no matter who = whoever无论谁no matter when = whenever
no matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however
八：方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as/as if/as though引导。
as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。在感官动词look see feel smell taste hear 后多用真实语气汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
1.They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
2.2.It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
3.He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightning.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
1.He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.2.He cleared his throat as if to say something.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.入国问禁，入乡随俗.
She behaved as if she were the boss.她表现得好像她是老板。
九：地点状语从句
地点状语从句：表示地点、方位，引导词：where/wherever等引导。可置于句首、句中或句尾。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成 We must camp where we can get water.
Practice：
一、用适当连词填空，每词只用一次（and, but, or, so, because, if, though, until, when, so that）
1.He was very tired, ______ he kept on working.
2.Get up early, ______ you’ll be late for school.
3.I knew nothing about it ______ you told me.
4.He didn’t go to school _______ he was ill.
5.I was doing my homework _____ Jack came back.
6.It was raining hard, _______ we had to stay at home.
7.Work hard, _______ you will make great progress.
8._______ you are free, you can help me with my English.
9.He spoke loudly______everyone could hear him clearly.
10._______ he was short, he played basketball very well.
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. If it ________ (rain) tomorrow, we won’t go hiking.
2. I will tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come) back.
3. Don’t get off the bus until it ________ (stop).
4. I ________ (call) you if I ________ (arrive) there.
5. While he ________ (do) his homework, the light went out.
9. I will tell him the news as soon as he ____ (come) back.
10. We ____ (not leave) until it stops raining.
11. If it ____ (rain) tomorrow, we ____ (stay) at home.
12. He didn't go to bed until he ____ (finish) his homework.
13. While I ____ (read) a book, my mother ____ (cook) dinner yesterday evening.
三、句型转换（一空一词）
1.He is young, but he knows a lot.== ________ he is young, he knows a lot.
2.The box is too heavy for me to carry.== The box is ______ heavy ______ I can’t carry it.
3.Study hard, and you will get good grades.== ______ you study hard, you ______ get good grades.
4.We didn’t go out because it rained.= =We didn’t go out ______ _______ the rain.
5.He is too young to go to school.== He is ______ young ______ he can’t go to school.
6.You can't leave here if you don't finish your work. (改为同义句)You can't leave here ____ you finish your work.
7.He will come to see you when he is free. (对划线部分提问)____ ____ he come to see me?
8.Because it rained heavily, we didn't go to the park. (改为同义句)
9.It rained heavily, ___________we couldn't go to the park.
10.The film was so interesting that I watched it twice. (改为同义句)
四、单句改错（每句一处错误）
1.Because he was ill, so he didn’t come to school.→
2.Although he is old, but he runs fast.→
3.I don’t know if he will come or not.→
4.Please tell him about it when he will come back.→
5.He is too clever that he can work it out.→
五、单项选择：尽量读题，讲为什么选它这是什么从句你的思路是什么时间状语从句注意看时态
（）1.I don't know if it ____ tomorrow. If it ____, we won't go on a picnic.
A. rains; rainsB. will rain; rainsC. will rain; will rain
（）2.We can't go to the zoo ____ the weather is fine tomorrow.A. UnlessB. ifC. because
（）3.Just work hard, ____ your dream will come true.A. butB. andC. or
（）4.Don't cross the street ____ the traffic lights are green.A. AfterB. untilC. when
（）5.____ they may not succeed, they will try their best.A. ThoughB. BecauseC. Unless
（）6.We will have no water to drink ____ we don't protect the earth.A. UntilB. beforeC. if
（）7.Luckily, all the students got out of the teaching building ____ it fell down.A. UntilB. beforeC. after
（）8.My grandma didn't go to sleep ____ I got back home.A. WhereB. untilC. as soon as
六、单项选择：尽量读题，讲为什么选它这是什么从句你的思路是什么时间状语从句注意看时态
（）1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back. A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although
（）2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.A. if B. unlessC. for D. since
（）3. We will work ____ we are needed.A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever
（）4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.A. so thatB. if C. when D. although
（）5. _____ you go, don't forget your people.让步状语从句 wherever==no matter where
A. Whenever B. However C. WhereverD. Whichever（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
（）6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.A. sinceB. for C. when D. as
（）7. . _____ she was very tired, she went on working.A. AsB. Although C. Even D. In spite of
（）8. _____ he was busy , he tried his best to help you.A. ThoughB. when C. since D. for
（）9. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.A. though B. although C. as if D. when
（）10. She was ___ tired ___ she could not move an inch.A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as
（）11. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.A. even if B. as though C. because D. until
（）12 Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.A. sinceB. so thatC. forD. because
（）13. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.A. unless B. as C. if D. until
（）14. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.A. and B. but C. as D. unless
（）15. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
