Nationally, one in six children miss 15 or more days of school in a year. Education officials have deplored all this missed instruction.在全国范围内，每六名儿童中就有一人一年缺课15天或更多。教育官员对所有被错过的教学内容深表遗憾。These chronically absent students suffer academically because of all the classroom instruction they miss out on. In 2015, the U.S. secretary of education responded to this crisis, urging communities to support every student to attend every day and be successful in school. His open letter stated that missing 10% of school days in a year for any reason — excused or unexcused — is a primary cause of low academic achievement.这些长期缺课的学生会在学业上受到影响，因为他们错失了大量课堂教学内容。2015年，美国教育部长针对这一危机做出了回应，敦促社区支持每一位学生每天都到校上学，并在学业上取得成功。他在公开信中指出，无论出于何种原因（有正当理由或无正当理由），一年中缺课天数达到10%是学业成绩低下的主要原因。Worrying about whether children attend school makes sense. After all, if students don't show up, teachers can't teach them.担心孩子们是否上学是有道理的。毕竟，如果学生不来上课，老师就没法教他们。But what if America's attendance crisis is about much more than students missing class? What if, instead, it is a reflection of family and community crises these students face — such as being ejected from the family apartment, fearing for their safety in their neighborhood or suffering an illness?但如果美国的学生出勤危机远不止学生缺课这么简单呢？如果这反而反映了这些学生所面临的家庭和社区危机——比如被赶出家庭公寓、担心自己在社区中的人身安全或者身患疾病呢？As social scientists we investigated how excused and unexcused absences relate to children's academic achievement.作为社会科学家，我们调查了有正当理由缺课和无正当理由缺课与儿童学业成绩之间的关系。We find that absences excused by a parent do little to harm children's learning. In fact, children with no unexcused absences — but 15 to 18 excused absences — have test scores equal to their peers who have no absences.我们发现，经家长准许的缺课几乎不会影响孩子的学习。实际上，那些无无故缺课、但有15到18次获批缺课的孩子，其考试成绩与全勤的同龄人持平。Meanwhile, the average child with even just one unexcused absence does much worse academically than peers with none.与此同时，平均而言，一个孩子哪怕只有一次无故缺课，其学习成绩也比从不缺课的同龄人差很多。We believe unexcused absence is a strong signal of the many challenges children and families face, including economic and medical hardships. Unexcused absences can be a powerful signal of how those out-of-school challenges affect children's academic progress.我们认为，无故缺课是儿童和家庭面临诸多挑战（包括经济困难和医疗困难）的一个强烈信号。无故缺课可以有力地反映出这些学校以外的挑战是如何影响儿童的学业进步的。Our evidence suggests unexcused absences are problematic, but for a different reason than people often think. Absence from school, and especially unexcused absence, matters mainly as a signal of many crises children and their families may be facing. It matters less as a cause of lower student achievement due to missed instruction.我们的证据表明，无故缺课确实是个问题，但原因与人们通常认为的不同。缺课，尤其是无故缺课，之所以重要，主要是因为它是儿童及其家庭可能面临许多危机的一个信号，而并非因错过教学内容导致学生成绩下降的原因。How we choose to think of school absences matters for educational policy. School attendance policies typically hold schools and families accountable for the days children miss, regardless of whether they were excused or unexcused absences.我们选择如何看待学生缺课，对教育政策至关重要。学校出勤政策通常要求学校和家庭对孩子缺课的天数负责，无论这些缺课是有正当理由的还是无正当理由的。These policies assume that missing school for any reason harms children academically because they are missing classroom instruction. They also assume that schools will be able to effectively intervene by reducing student absences. We find neither to be the case.这些政策假定，无论出于何种原因，缺课都会对儿童的学业造成损害，因为他们错过了课堂教学内容。这些政策还假定，学校能够通过减少学生缺课来进行有效干预。我们发现情况并非如此。As a result, these attendance policies end up disproportionately punishing families dealing with out-of-school crises in their lives and pressuring schools who serve them to get students to school more often.因此，这些出勤政策最终会过度惩罚那些在生活中面临校外危机的家庭，并迫使服务于这些家庭的学校更频繁地要求学生到校。We instead suggest using unexcused absence from school as a signal to channel resources to the children and families who need them most.相反，我们建议将无故缺课视为一种信号，以此将资源导向最需要这些资源的儿童和家庭。
题目及解析
46.What does the U.S. secretary of education say in his open letter?
A) It is of vital importance to respond promptly to the school absence crisis.B) The academic performance of chronically absent students is deplorable.C) Low academic achievement is mainly attributed to school absences.D) The effect of school absences on American education is worrisome.•题目翻译：美国教育部长在公开信中说了什么？A) 及时应对学生缺课危机至关重要。B) 长期缺课学生的学业表现很差。C) 学业成绩低下主要归因于缺课。D) 缺课对美国教育的影响令人担忧。•定位：根据题干信息词U.S. secretary of education和open letter可将答案线索定位至第二段。•解析：第二段最后一句提到了美国教育部长的公开信，他在信中指出，无论出于何种原因（有正当理由或无正当理由），一年中缺课天数达到10%是学业成绩低下的主要原因。C项与原文表述相符，该选项中的Low academic achievement是原词复现，is mainly attributed to是原文中is a primary cause的同义转述，故为正确答案。公开信未提到与A项、B项和D项有关的内容，故此三项排除。
47.What do the authors find about school absences?
A) Excused school absences have little impact on children's learning.B) There is little difference between unexcused and excused absences.C) Excused absences lead to comparatively better school performance.D) Unexcused absences are a big challenge to both schools and families.•题目翻译：关于缺课，作者发现了什么？A) 获批缺课对儿童学习影响甚微。B) 无故缺课和获批缺课之间几乎没有什么差别。C) 获批缺课会带来相对较好的学业表现。D) 无故缺课对学校和家庭而言都是一大挑战。•定位：根据题干信息词find和school absences可将答案线索定位至第六段和第七段。•解析：第五段提到，作者对缺课与儿童学业成绩之间的关系进行了调查，第六段和第七段为他们的发现。其中，第六段提到，作者发现经家长准许的缺课几乎不会影响孩子的学习。经家长准许的缺课属于获批缺课，A项是原文的同义转述，故为正确答案。原文第六段提到，获批缺课的孩子考试成绩与全勤的同龄人持平，而第七段提到，哪怕只有一次无故缺课的孩子也比全勤的同龄人学习成绩差很多，由此可见，无故缺课和获批缺课之间的差别是很大的，B项与原文表述不符，故排除。原文只是提到，获批缺课对学习成绩几乎没有什么影响，但并未提及它会带来更好的学业表现，C项无中生有，故排除。由第八段和第九段可知，文章重点强调无故缺课是儿童及其家庭面临在学校以外挑战的强烈信号，而非强调无故缺课对学校和家庭是一大挑战，故D项排除。
48.What do the authors believe concerning unexcused school absences?
A) They are likely to cause a decrease in students' academic achievements due to missed instruction.B) They point directly to many of the out-of-school challenges confronting children and their families.C) They are matters the American government typically ignores when formulating educational policies.D) They give a clear signal to children and their families of the crises they are likely to face in the future.•题目翻译：作者对无故缺课持什么看法？A) 由于错过教学内容，它们可能导致学生学习成绩下降。B) 它们直接指向儿童及其家庭面临的许多校外挑战。C) 它们是美国政府在制定教育政策时通常会忽视的问题。D) 它们向儿童及其家庭发出了他们未来可能会面临的危机的明确信号。•定位：根据题干信息unexcused school absences可将答案线索定位至第八段。•解析：第八段提到，作者认为无故缺课是儿童和家庭面临诸多挑战（包括经济困难和医疗困难）的一个强烈信号，即无故缺课作为一个强烈信号，直接指向了儿童及其家庭面临的许多校外挑战，故B项正确。第九段提到，无故缺课在作为因错过教学内容而导致学生成绩下降的原因方面，其重要性相对较低，可见在作者看来，无故缺课对学生学习成绩的影响并非主要由于他们错过了教学内容，故排除A项。原文未提及政府在制定教育政策时是否会忽视无故缺课问题，仅讨论政策的假设错误，故排除C项。无故缺课是当前危机的信号，而非未来危机的信号，故排除D项。
49.What is the assumption underlying education policies in the U.S.?
A) Children's academic performance depends on reducing the number of absences.B) Schools can boost children's academic performance by effective intervention.C) Schools as well as families should be held responsible for out-of-school crises.D) Children's academic performance is closely related to the quality of instruction.•题目翻译：美国教育政策的潜在假设是什么？A) 儿童的学习成绩取决于减少缺课次数。B) 学校可以通过有效干预提高儿童的学习成绩。C) 学校和家庭都应对校外危机负责。D) 儿童的学习成绩与教学质量密切相关。•定位：根据题干信息词assumption和education policies可将答案线索定位至第十一段。•解析：第十一段提到了美国教育政策的两种潜在假设：一是任何原因的缺课（无故缺课和获批缺课）都会对儿童的学业造成损害，即任何缺课都会造成儿童学习成绩下降；二是针对缺课造成的儿童学习成绩下降现象，学校能够通过减少学生缺课来进行有效干预，即学校可以通过有效干预提高儿童的学习成绩。B项表述与第二种假设相符，故为正确答案。A项为强干扰项，文章只是提到学校可以通过减少学生的缺课次数从而提高他们的学习成绩，但并未明确说明减少缺课次数可以直接决定学习成绩，A项说法过于绝对，故排除。第十段提到，学校出勤政策通常要求学校和家庭对孩子缺课的天数负责，并未提到两者都要对校外危机负责，且C选项内容本身也不属于教育政策的假设范畴，故排除。D项内容原文未提及，故排除。
50.What do the authors suggest doing regarding school absences?
A) Identifying their underlying causes.B) Reframing school attendance policies.C) Directing resources to helping needy children.D) Pressuring schools to reduce unexcused ones.•题目翻译：作者针对缺课的建议是什么？A) 找出其根本原因。B) 重新制定学校出勤政策。C) 将资源导向帮助贫困的儿童。D) 迫使学校减少无故缺课。•定位：根据题干信息词suggest和school absences可将答案线索定位至文章最后一段。•解析：作者在最后一段对缺课现象提出了建议，即将无故缺课视为一种信号，以此将资源导向最需要这些资源的儿童和家庭。C项表述与原文一致，故为正确答案。A项、B项和D项均不是作者所提出的建议，故全部排除。
After earning a bachelor's degree, I was determined to do what I love. I headed straight to graduate school to investigate the social problems that fascinated me.在获得学士学位后，我决定做自己热爱的事情。我直接进入研究生院，研究那些令我着迷的社会问题。For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same. "Follow your passion," I counseled. "You can figure out the employment stuff later."近十年来，我告诉遇到的每一个人，他们也应该这样做。我建议道：“追随你的热情，工作的事情可以以后再考虑。”It wasn't until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it really was.直到我开始研究这条被广泛接受的职业建议时，我才明白它的问题有多大。As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about this principle in the research for my new book.作为一名社会学家，我采访了大学生和职场人士，了解追求梦想对他们的真正意义，我在此将其称为“热情原则”。在为我的新书做研究时，我发现这一原则的真相让我震惊。Surveys show the American public has long held the passion principle in high regard as a career decision-making priority. And its popularity is even stronger among those facing job instability.调查显示，美国公众长期以来高度重视热情原则，将其作为职业决策的首要标准。而在面临工作不稳定的人群中，这一原则更加盛行。Advocates of the passion principle found it compelling because they believed that following one's passion can provide workers with both the motivation necessary to work hard and a place to find fulfillment.热情原则的支持者们认为它极具说服力，因为他们相信，追随热情既能为职场人提供努力工作所需的动力，也能为他们找到实现满足感的途径。Yet, what I found is that following one's passion does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, but is one of the most powerful cultural forces perpetuating overwork. I also found that promoting the pursuit of one's passion helps perpetuate social inequalities due to the fact that not everyone has the same economic resources to allow them to pursue their passion with ease.然而，我发现，追随热情并不一定会带来满足感，反而是助长过度工作的最强文化力量之一。我还发现，鼓励人们追求热情会持续造成社会不平等，因为并非每个人都拥有相同的经济资源来轻松地追求自己的热情。While the passion principle is broadly popular, not everyone has the necessary resources to turn their passion into a stable, good-paying job. Passion-seekers from wealthy families are better able to wait until a job they are passionate about comes along without worrying about student loans in the meantime. They are also better situated to take unpaid internships to get their foot in the door while their parents pay their rent. And they often have access to parents' social networks to help them find jobs. Surveys revealed that working-class and first-generation college graduates, regardless of their career field, are more likely than their wealthier peers to end up in low-paying unskilled jobs when they pursue their passion.尽管热情原则广受欢迎，但并非人人都具备将其转化为稳定高薪工作所需的资源。来自富裕家庭的热情追求者更有能力等待他们热爱的工作出现，并且在此期间无需担心学生贷款的问题。他们还能更轻松地接受无薪实习，以迈出职业生涯的第一步，同时由父母支付房租。此外，他们通常可以利用父母的社交网络帮助自己找到工作。调查显示，工人阶级和第一代大学毕业生在追求热情时，无论从事什么职业领域，最终都比家境更好的同龄人更可能从事低薪的非技术性工作。Colleges, workplaces and career counselors who promote the "follow your passion" path for everyone, without leveling the playing field, help perpetuate socioeconomic inequalities among career aspirants.大学、职场和职业顾问向所有人推广“追随热情”这一路径，而没有创造公平的竞争环境，这样就会持续造成职业追求者之间的社会经济不平等。It's not just well-off passion-seekers who benefit from the passion principle. Employers of passionate workers do, too. Potential employers showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.从热情原则中受益的不仅是富裕的热情追求者，还有雇佣热情员工的雇主。潜在雇主对热情的求职者表现出更大的兴趣，部分原因是他们认为这些求职者会努力工作而不期待加薪。他们甚至愿意牺牲高薪、工作稳定性和休闲时间，从事自己热爱的工作。
题目及解析
51.What did the author advise people do for almost a decade?
A) Figure out what is the most fascinating job.B) Follow widely accepted career counsel.C) Pursue their careers with passion.D) Do whatever they are zealous for.•题目翻译：近十年来，作者建议人们做什么？A) 弄清楚什么是最吸引人的工作。B) 遵循被广泛接受的职业建议。C) 满怀热情地追求职业。D) 做任何他们热衷的事情。•定位：根据题干信息词advise people do和a decade可将答案线索定位于第二段。•解析：文章第二段提到，近十年来，作者告诉遇到的每一个人，他们也应该这样做，即作者在第一段中说的，做自己热爱的事情（do what I love）。选项D的意思与此相符，故为正确答案，选项内容是对do what I love的同义转述。文中未提及评估工作吸引力的相关内容，故排除选项A。选项B是对第三段内容的曲解，作者没有建议遵循被广泛接受的职业建议。选项C是强干扰项，作者虽然在第二段第二句中建议“追随你的热情”，但接着说“工作的事情可以以后再考虑”，所以作者并不是建议人们满怀热情地追求职业，而是去充满热情地做自己热衷之事。
52.How did the author feel about the passion principle through his research?
A) He was astonished by its consequences.B) He was further convinced of its soundness.C) He was actually right to follow it through.D) He was struck by its broad popularity.•题目翻译：通过研究，作者对“热情原则”有何感受？A) 他对它的后果感到震惊。B) 他进一步确信其合理性。C) 他坚持这一原则其实是正确的。D) 它的广受欢迎让他印象深刻。•定位：根据题干信息词author feel、passion principle和research可将答案线索初步定位于第四段。•解析：第四段明确提到：“在为我的新书做研究时，我发现这一原则的真相让我震惊（stunned）。”后文详细阐述了作者发现的热情原则存在的三大问题：导致过度工作、加剧社会不平等、被雇主利用。这些都属于“后果”范畴。选项A准确对应原文，其中consequences“后果”概括总结了后文分析的所有负面影响。原文中的stunned对应选项中的astonished，故选项A为正确答案。选项B与作者立场完全相反，作者是在批判该原则。选项C与第三段“意识到它的问题有多大”矛盾。选项D，热情原则“广受欢迎”虽是事实，但原文并未提到作者对此的感受。
53.What is important to turning one's passion into a stable, good-paying job?
A) Willingness to take unpaid internships and low-paying jobs.B) Full academic preparedness and sound career counseling.C) Hard work and sacrifice of leisure time.D) Financial backing and social connections.•题目翻译：将热情转化为稳定高薪工作，重要的因素是什么？A) 愿意接受无薪实习和低薪工作。B) 充分的学术准备和合理的职业指导。C) 努力工作和牺牲休闲时间。D) 经济支持和社会关系。•定位：根据题干信息词turning one's passion into a stable, good-paying job可将答案线索定位于倒数第三段。•解析：倒数第三段通过对比说明：富裕家庭的孩子能依靠“父母支付房租（经济支持）”“利用父母的社交网络”（社会关系）来实现职业转化，而普通家庭的孩子缺乏这些资源。选项D“经济支持和社会关系”全面概括了这些关键要素，故为正确答案。选项A是弱势群体的被迫选择，而非获得稳定高薪工作的条件。选项B中的“学术准备”原文未提及。选项C是热情求职者常常会做的事情，而非获得稳定高薪工作的条件。
54.What happens when everyone is encouraged to follow their passion?
A) Many more career aspirants end up unemployed.B) People are less concerned with socioeconomic inequality.C) Socioeconomic inequality is likely to persist.D) Career counselors are going to lose credibility.•题目翻译：当鼓励所有人追随热情时会发生什么？A) 更多职业追求者最终失业。B) 人们不太关心社会经济不平等。C) 社会经济不平等可能持续存在。D) 职业顾问将失去可信度。•定位：根据题干信息everyone is encouraged和happens可将答案线索定位于倒数第二段。•解析：倒数第二段指出，一味地向所有人推广“追随热情”原则“会持续造成（perpetuate）职业追求者之间的社会经济不平等”，第七段也提到“鼓励人们追求热情会持续造成（perpetuate）社会不平等”，即这种不平等会持续存在。选项C与原文相符，其中persist是原文中perpetuate的同义替换，故为正确答案。选项A中的“失业”原文未提及。选项B与原文“加剧不平等”的主动效应相反。选项D中的“职业顾问的可信度”原文并未提及，故排除。
55.What does the author say about employers of passionate workers?
A) They provide these workers with job stability and a good salary.B) They exploit these workers' passion to benefit themselves.C) They level the playing field for these workers to reach their goals.D) They encourage these workers to realize their aspirations.•题目翻译：对于热情员工的雇主，作者说了什么？A) 他们为这些员工提供工作稳定性和高薪。B) 他们利用这些员工的热情为自己谋利。C) 他们为这些员工创造公平的竞争环境，助其实现目标。D) 他们鼓励这些员工实现抱负。•定位：根据题干信息词employers of passionate workers可将答案线索定位于最后一段。•解析：最后一段指出，雇主对热情的求职者表现出更大的兴趣，部分原因是他们认为这些求职者“不期待加薪”“愿意牺牲高薪、工作稳定性和休闲时间”，这些实质上是雇主的剥削行为。选项B“利用热情谋利”准确揭示了这种关系，故为正确答案。选项A与原文“牺牲高薪和工作稳定性”矛盾。选项C中的“公平的竞争环境”是作者呼吁但雇主未做的。选项D原文并未提及。
Why are we so worried about our careers? Partly it's to do with money, but there's a psychological aspect to our fears as well.我们为何如此忧心职业？部分与金钱有关，但恐惧也有心理层面的原因。We worry because we suspect — not wrongly — that the world is full of a frightening sort of person ready to judge us ruthlessly and swiftly: a person we can call a snob.我们担忧，是因为我们没错地怀疑，世界上充斥着一种可怕的人，随时准备无情迅速评判我们：这种人就是势利者。A snob is anyone who takes a relatively small part of us and uses it to come to a rigid conclusion about how much of their attention we deserve. In the past, that might be your ancestry and royal connections. Nowadays, the snob cares about one thing only: what you do for a living.势利者抓住我们的某个局部特征，就刻板判定我们值得多少关注。过去，他们看重家世和王室关系；如今，势利者只关心一件事：你靠什么谋生。This explains why the first question we will be asked in any new social context is 'What do you do?' and according to how we answer, snobs will either welcome us with broad smiles, or leave us in the cold.这解释了为何在任何新社交场合，第一个问题都是“你做什么工作？”，根据回答，势利者要么笑脸相迎，要么冷眼相待。And that is why we are fired up by such a desperate urge to achieve and impress.这就是我们迫切渴望成功、引人注目的原因。Sometimes our behaviour is mistaken for greed and vanity, but it is more than this. A lot of our interest in fancy cars, jobs and houses has nothing to do with materialism. It has to do with a hunger for the respect and esteem that is only available in our societies through the acquisition of material goods. It isn't the goods themselves we seek, it is the love we stand to gain through our possession of them. The next time we see someone driving a Ferrari, we shouldn't condemn them for their greed, we should pity them for the intensity of their need for love from the world.有时我们的行为被误认为贪婪虚荣，但不止于此。我们对豪车、好工作、豪宅的兴趣，与物质主义无关，而与渴望尊重有关——在社会中，唯有获取物质才能获得尊重。我们追求的不是物质本身，而是通过拥有物质获得的爱意。下次看到开法拉利的人，别谴责贪婪，应同情他们极度渴望世界的爱意。At the root of snobbery is a lack of imagination and confidence about how to decide who in the world is valuable. The snobs are brutally misguided and slavish in their beliefs about how the superior individuals can be identified. For snobs, it is the already acclaimed and already successful who are the only ones worthy of respect. There is no room in their timid regimented minds to imagine that someone might be clever, kind or good — and yet somehow have been overlooked entirely by society, their qualities lying hidden beneath an unfamiliar veil, and having as yet discovered no obvious outlet.势利的根源是缺乏判断他人价值的想象力与自信。势利者在识别优秀者的观念上被严重误导、盲目盲从。对他们而言，只有广受赞誉、功成名就的人值得尊重。他们怯懦死板的头脑无法想象，有人聪明、善良、优秀，却被社会完全忽视，品质藏在陌生面纱下，尚未找到展现出口。The true answer to snobbery is not to say that there is no such thing as a better or worse person, but to insist that better or worse exist in constantly unexpected places and carry none of the outward signs of distinction. And because we are such poor judges of the worth of others, our ultimate duty remains to be kind, good, curious and imaginative about pretty much everyone who ever crosses our path.应对势利的真正方式，不是否认人有优劣，而是坚信优劣总在意想不到之处，且无外在区分标志。因为我们不擅长判断他人价值，最终责任是对遇到的几乎所有人，保持友善、美好、好奇与想象力。
题目及解析
46.What gives rise to our worry about careers apart from money?
A) Fear of being judged in a snobbish manner.B) The prospect of facing fault-finding managers.C) The ruthless way employees are often treated.D) Fright at the difficulty in hunting for a job.•题目翻译：除了金钱，什么导致我们对职业的担忧？A) 害怕被以势利的方式评判。B) 可能面对挑剔的管理者。C) 员工经常被无情对待。D) 对求职困难的恐惧。•定位：根据apart from money、worry about careers定位到前两段。•解析：前两段指出，担忧源于害怕被势利者无情评判。选项A与原文一致，故选A。B、C、D均为无依据臆断，排除。
47.What do we learn from the passage about today's snobs?
A) They try hard to dig into a person's past.B) They draw a rigid conclusion about people.C) They judge a person by their occupation.D) They tend to place people in a social context.•题目翻译：关于如今的势利者，我们从文中了解到什么？A) 他们竭力挖掘一个人的过去。B) 他们对人妄下刻板结论。C) 他们以职业评判他人。D) 他们倾向于将人置于社会背景中。•定位：根据today's snobs定位到第三段最后一句。•解析：第三段最后一句指出，如今势利者只关心谋生方式（职业）。选项C与原文一致，故选C。B是所有势利者共性，非如今特征，A、D无依据，排除。
48.What does the author say about people's interest in material goods?
A) It is the cause for condemnation of their greed.B) It has a lot to do with the comforts they provide.C) It arouses pity rather than respect from the wealthy.D) It arises from their craving for social recognition.•题目翻译：作者关于人们对物质的兴趣说了什么？A) 这是谴责他们贪婪的原因。B) 这与物质提供的舒适密切相关。C) 这引发富人的同情而非尊重。D) 这源于他们渴望社会认可。•定位：根据people's interest in material goods定位到第六段。•解析：第六段指出，对物质的兴趣源于渴望通过物质获得尊重与认可。选项D与原文一致，故选D。A与作者观点相反，B无依据，C偷换主体，排除。
49.What kind of people do snobs deem worth respect and esteem?
A) Those with fame and fortune.B) Those with segmented minds.C) Those with intelligence and imagination.D) Those with qualities lying hidden in disguise.•题目翻译：势利者认为什么样的人值得尊重？A) 名利双收的人。B) 头脑死板的人。C) 聪明有想象力的人。D) 品质被隐藏的人。•定位：根据snobs deem worth respect and esteem定位到第七段第三句。•解析：第七段第三句指出，势利者只尊重广受赞誉、功成名就的人。选项A是原文同义替换，故选A。B是势利者自身特征，C、D是势利者忽视的人，排除。
50.What does the author imply we should do to avoid being snobbish?
A) Be aware there has never been such a thing as a better or worse person.B) Be kind to and curious about those who we happen to meet in our lives.C) Realize that better or worse keeps changing in unexpected ways.D) Judge people on the basis of their distinctive character traits.•题目翻译：作者暗示我们应如何避免势利？A) 认识到人本来没有优劣之分。B) 对生命中遇到的人保持友善与好奇。C) 认识到优劣以意想不到的方式变化。D) 根据独特性格特征评判他人。•定位：根据avoid being snobbish定位到最后一段。•解析：最后一段指出，应对势利要对遇到的人保持友善、好奇。选项B与原文一致，故选B。A与原文相反，C偷换概念，D无依据，排除。
Women have historically been paid less. But in the US in the 1980s, they began to catch up — fast. During that decade, the gender pay gap closed by about one percentage point a year. Had that trend continued, the gender wage gap would have been closed by 2017.女性历来薪酬较低。但20世纪80年代的美国，女性薪酬开始快速追赶。十年间，性别薪酬差距每年缩小约1个百分点。若趋势持续，到2017年薪酬差距本应消除。But the trend didn't continue, and the gap remains yawning.但趋势未能持续，差距依然巨大。According to a new study from academics at Harvard, the stagnation can be put down, perhaps counterintuitively, to the introduction of state and federal family leave policies.哈佛学者的新研究指出，反直觉的是，停滞源于各州和联邦推行家庭休假政策。The academics argue that during the 1990s, as governments began to introduce leave policies, it was mainly women who took advantage of them. Though the leave policies might have helped those women to stay in the workplace — instead of dropping out to have families — those who returned saw their wages had increased at lower rates than the men.学者认为，90年代政府推行休假政策，主要是女性使用。尽管政策让女性留在职场，而非离职生育，但返岗女性的涨薪幅度低于男性。After family leave was introduced in the US, in fact, the rate of gender wage convergence fell to just 0.03 percentage points per year, and has remained there ever since.事实上，美国推行家庭休假后，性别薪酬趋同速度降至每年仅0.03个百分点，此后一直保持。Those monitoring the process towards salary equity at work have long watched as progress slowed in many countries around the world. In fact, that progress began to reverse during the pandemic.长期关注职场薪酬平等的人士发现，全球多国进程放缓。事实上，疫情期间进程开始倒退。The gender pay gap is one of the most outstanding examples of that lack of parity, and still exists just about everywhere. The motherhood penalty has become a shorthand for describing why: In many places, especially rich countries, women earn the same as men until they reach their childbearing years. Women who have children begin to see their salaries slip behind their male counterparts.性别薪酬差距是不平等的最突出例子，几乎无处不在。“母亲惩罚”是原因的简称：在许多地方，尤其是富裕国家，女性在生育年龄前与男性薪酬相当，生育后薪资开始落后男性。Part of this is because women take on more of the unpaid labor at home, which can eat into time available for work and energy for career advancement. But it's also because mothers are passed over for raises and promotion, and because time out of the workplace sets women back, even if that time is taken voluntarily, and supported by company or government policy.部分原因是女性承担更多家庭无偿劳动，消耗工作时间和职业发展精力。但也因为母亲们被排除在加薪升职之外，离岗时间阻碍女性发展，即便休假是自愿的，且有公司或政府政策支持。What would have happened if leave policies hadn't been introduced? The study doesn't go into that question, other than to say that if the 1980s trend continued, we would have been at parity by now.如果没有推行休假政策会怎样？研究未深入探讨，只表示若80年代趋势持续，如今已实现薪酬平等。It's possible, however, that the journey towards wage parity would have stalled either way. If women's gains in the 1980s were made through the erasure of things like bias, once those less uncontrollable problems had been addressed, there would still have been an issue with women — who are the ones to bear children and take care of them in the early weeks because of biological factors like the ability to breastfeed, forcing them to take breaks, whether or not those breaks were mandated.然而，无论是否推行政策，薪酬平等进程可能都会停滞。如果80年代女性收益源于消除偏见，一旦这些相对可控问题解决，女性仍有问题——由于哺乳等生理因素，生育和早期照料的是女性，迫使她们休假，无论是否强制。
题目及解析
51.What do we learn about the gender pay gap in the US during the 1980s?
A) It was being slowly closed.B) It was shrinking rapidly.C) It started to yawn.D) It remained substantial.•题目翻译：关于20世纪80年代美国性别薪酬差距，我们了解到什么？A) 差距在缓慢缩小。B) 差距在迅速缩小。C) 差距开始扩大。D) 差距依然巨大。•定位：根据gender pay gap、1980s定位到第一段。•解析：第一段指出，80年代女性薪酬快速追赶，差距每年缩小1个百分点。选项B与原文一致，故选B。A与fast相反，C、D是后续情况，排除。
52.What happened with the introduction of state and federal family leave policies?
A) The process towards salary equity at work began to reverse.B) The rate of gender wage convergence started to fall noticeably.C) The trend of women returning to work after childbirth started.D) The narrowing of the gender pay gap attracted more attention.•题目翻译：推行州和联邦家庭休假政策后发生了什么？A) 职场薪酬平等进程开始倒退。B) 性别薪酬趋同速度开始显著下降。C) 女性产后返岗趋势开始。D) 性别薪酬差距缩小吸引更多关注。•定位：根据introduction、family leave policies定位到第五段。•解析：第五段指出，政策推行后，薪酬趋同速度降至0.03%，显著下降。选项B与原文一致，故选B。A是疫情期间情况，C、D无依据，排除。
53.What partly accounts for the slip in women's salaries?
A) The insufficient motivation women generally have for career advancement.B) The opportunities numerous women give up for pay raise and promotion.C) The huge amounts of time and energy women spend taking care of the family.D) The lack of policy support from government and business corporations.•题目翻译：女性薪资下滑的部分原因是什么？A) 女性职业发展动力普遍不足。B) 许多女性放弃加薪升职机会。C) 女性花费大量时间精力照顾家庭。D) 政府和企业缺乏政策支持。•定位：根据slip in women's salaries定位到第八段。•解析：第八段第一句指出，女性承担更多家庭无偿劳动，消耗时间精力。选项C与原文一致，故选C。A、B与原文相反，D无依据，排除。
54.What does the new study say about wage parity?
A) It would have stalled if those controllable problems had not been addressed.B) It would have halted if company and government had not worked together.C) It would have been achieved with the complete erasure of gender biases.D) It would have been attained with the continuation of the 1980s trend.•题目翻译：新研究关于薪酬平等说了什么？A) 若可控问题未解决，薪酬平等会停滞。B) 若公司和政府不合作，薪酬平等会停止。C) 完全消除性别偏见就能实现薪酬平等。D) 80年代趋势持续就能实现薪酬平等。•定位：根据new study、wage parity定位到第九段。•解析：第九段指出，研究表示若80年代趋势持续，如今已实现薪酬平等。选项D与原文一致，故选D。A、B、C均非研究结论，排除。
55.What prevents women from achieving parity with men in the final analysis?
A) Ignoring biases against women in the workplace.B) Giving birth to children and taking care of them.C) Failing to mandate breaks for childbirth and care.D) Lacking resources to address biological problems.•题目翻译：归根结底，什么阻碍女性实现薪酬平等？A) 忽视职场对女性的偏见。B) 生育和照料孩子。C) 未强制推行生育照料休假。D) 缺乏解决生理问题的资源。•定位：根据final analysis、prevents women from achieving parity定位到最后一段。•解析：最后一段指出，生理因素导致女性必须生育和早期照料，阻碍薪酬平等。选项B与原文一致，故选B。A、C、D均非根本原因，排除。
Simulators are most often utilized within industries such as nuclear power, aviation and surgery where failure results in disastrous consequences. To maximize the value from a simulation learning experience, participants should immediately and directly apply their learning to a specific intervention within their organization.模拟器最常用于核能、航空和外科手术等领域，因为这些领域一旦操作失误就会导致灾难性后果。为了最大限度地发挥模拟学习体验的价值，参与者应当立即将所学知识直接应用于自己所在组织内的具体干预措施中。Most organizations aspire to deploy significant change programs, only to find them nearly impossible to implement. That is largely because successful change requires more than a vision, it requires a workforce that not only doesn't resist change, but embraces it.大多数组织都渴望部署重要的变革计划，却发现这些计划几乎无法实施。这在很大程度上是因为成功的变革不仅需要愿景，还需要一支不仅不抵制变革，而且会拥抱变革的员工队伍。To achieve success, an organization must build a transformation program that will allow change to be rapidly pulled across its departments and throughout its layers. Regardless of the level of senior management commitment, unless key thought leaders at all levels embrace the change, the initiative will wither and die. To create this kind of widespread passion, learning leaders must expose the workforce to what could be, which will enable them to rethink their mental models, enable them to break free from their deep-rooted paradigms and embrace the opportunity to learn.要想取得成功，组织必须制订一项转型计划，以便能够迅速在各部门和各层级之间推行变革。无论高级管理层的承诺程度有多高，除非各个级别的关键思想领袖都能接受变革，否则这项计划就会枯萎并消亡。为了激发这种广泛的热情，学习型领导者必须让员工看到变革可能带来的图景，这将促使他们重新思考自己的思维模式，让他们摆脱根深蒂固的观念框架，并抓住学习的机会。Allowing participants to enter a simulated environment provides them with the opportunity to experience alternative realities which can prompt them to rethink their current beliefs.让参与者进入模拟环境能为他们提供体验不同现实情境的机会，这可以促使他们重新思考自己现有的观念。Behavioral change is not easy for most adults. Lectures, training programs and workshops can explain the intellectual elements of transformation, but they are seldom effective at getting to the behavioral aspects that lie at the heart of a significant change initiative. Further, under normal working conditions, managers rarely see the full effect of their employee development efforts. As such, an intervention like a simulation can provide the stimulus for change.对于大多数成年人而言，行为改变并非易事。讲座、培训项目和研讨会能够阐释变革的知识要素，但很少能有效触及重大变革举措核心的行为层面。此外，在常规工作环境中，管理者很少能看到员工发展举措的全面成效。正因如此，像模拟这样的干预措施能够为变革提供动力。An effective simulation can be better than experience as a learning tool because it accelerates time, compresses space, and unlike reality, is specifically designed to maximize participant learning. Simulations provide an immersive learning experience where skills, processes and knowledge all can be highlighted in a way reality cannot. The ability to explore, experiment and repeatedly apply new knowledge in unlimited, risk-free models is what makes simulation one of the most productive forms of learning.有效的模拟作为一种学习工具要比经验效果更好，因为它能加速时间，压缩空间，而且与现实不同，它是专门为最大限度地提高参与者的学习效果而设计的。模拟提供了一种沉浸式的学习体验，在这种体验中，技能、流程和知识都能以现实无法实现的方式得到突出展现。在无限制、无风险的模型中探索、实验以及反复应用新知识的能力，使模拟成为最有成效的学习形式之一。Well-designed simulations can enable individuals and groups to develop a deep level of understanding about how their decisions and intuitive responses to business stimuli affect their fellow participants and the organization as a whole. To reap the benefits, however, simulations must feel like reality. At the end of the successful simulation, participants must declare "this is us." If they don't, they will view the experience as a game, which can be difficult to apply on the job, or worse, irrelevant to everyday work tasks. To maximize benefits from simulation, participants should immediately apply the learning from the experience to forge a smooth link between learning and doing.精心设计的模拟可以使个人和团队深入理解他们的决策以及他们对商业刺激的直觉反应是如何影响其他参与者以及整个组织的。然而，要想获得这些好处，模拟必须让人感觉如同置身现实。在一次成功的模拟结束时，参与者必须能够宣称“这就是我们”。如果做不到这一点，他们就会把这种体验当作一场游戏，很难将其应用到实际工作中，或者更糟糕的是，觉得它与日常工作毫不相关。为了使模拟带来的益处最大化，参与者应该立即将模拟体验中所学到的知识应用起来，以便在学习和实践之间建立起顺畅的衔接。
题目及解析
46.What do we learn about successful changes in organizations?
A) They can be immediately implemented with great ease.B) They are usually led by organization leaders of vision.C) They call for enthusiastic support from the workforce.D) They often result from simulation learning experiences.•题目翻译：关于组织中的成功变革，我们了解到什么？A) 它们可以毫不费力地立即实施。B) 它们通常由有远见的组织领导者引领。C) 它们需要员工的热情支持。D) 它们通常源于模拟学习体验。•定位：根据题干信息词successful changes可将答案线索定位至第二段。•解析：第二段提到，成功的变革不仅需要愿景，还需要一支不仅不抵制变革，而且会拥抱变革的员工队伍，换言之，组织中的成功变革需要员工的热情支持，故C项为正确答案。该段第一句提到，大多数组织的变革计划几乎无法实施，A项与原文内容相悖，故排除。文中虽然提到了vision，但指的是变革的“愿景”，而非领导者的“远见”，故B项可排除。原文只是说模拟是一种学习工具，有助于推动变革，并未提及成功变革通常源于模拟学习体验，D项过度推断，故排除。
47.What should learning leaders do to arouse learners' passion for change?
A) Allow them to see what could possibly be achieved.B) Help them break free from their old paradigms.C) Encourage them to rethink their thought models.D) Stimulate them to embrace fresh opportunities.•题目翻译：学习型领导者应如何激发学习者的变革热情？A) 让他们看到可能实现的成果。B) 帮助他们摆脱旧有范式。C) 鼓励他们重新思考自己的思维模式。D) 激励他们拥抱新的机遇。•定位：根据题干信息词learning leaders、passion可将答案线索定位至第三段。•解析：第三段第三句提到，为了激发这种广泛的热情，学习型领导者必须让员工看到变革可能带来的图景，也就是让他们看到变革可能实现的成果，A项与原文表述相符，且该选项中的what could possibly be与原文中的what could be相对应，故为正确答案。其他三项“摆脱旧有范式”“重新思考思维模式”“拥抱新机遇”均属于“看到变革图景”后的结果，都是员工在受到激励后自身发生的行为变化，而非学习型领导者应采取的行动，故均排除。
48.What does the passage say about lectures, training programs and workshops?
A) They are generally incapable of changing workers' behaviors on the job.B) They are interventions different from simulations in creating stimuli for change.C) They aim at transforming the behaviors of the workers in an organization.D) They help managers achieve the full effect of employee development efforts.•题目翻译：关于讲座、培训项目和研讨会，文章说了什么？A) 它们通常无法改变员工在工作中的行为。B) 在为变革创造推动力这方面，它们是不同于模拟的干预措施。C) 它们旨在转变组织中员工的行为。D) 它们帮助管理者实现员工发展努力的全面效果。•定位：根据题干信息词lectures, training programs and workshops可将答案线索定位至第五段。•解析：第五段第二句提到，讲座、培训项目和研讨会能够阐释变革的知识要素，但很少能有效触及重大变革举措核心的行为层面。由此可知，这三种活动只能让员工学到理论知识，通常无法改变员工在工作中的行为，故A项为正确答案，同时据此排除C项。该段最后一句提到，像模拟这样的干预措施能够为变革提供动力，但并未提及以上三种活动也能为变革提供动力，故B项排除。原文提到，管理者很少能看到员工发展举措的全面成效，这说明以上三种活动并未帮助管理者实现员工发展努力的全面效果，D项与原文内容相悖，故可排除。
49.What makes simulation one of the most fruitful forms of learning?
A) Its capability of saving time by accelerating the immersive learning experience.B) Its potential for learners to examine their skills, knowledge and learning process.C) Its capability of providing all participants with a practical learning experience.D) Its potential for learners to explore, experiment and practice without any risk.•题目翻译：是什么使模拟成为最有成效的学习形式之一？A) 它能通过加快沉浸式学习体验来节省时间。B) 它能让学习者检验自己的技能、知识和学习过程。C) 它能为所有参与者提供实际的学习体验。D) 它能让学习者在没有任何风险的情况下进行探索、实验和实践。•定位：根据题干信息词one of the most fruitful forms of learning可将答案线索定位至第六段，fruitful和最后一句中的productive为同义词，都可表示“富有成效的”。•解析：第六段最后一句话明确提到，在无限制、无风险的模型中探索、实验以及反复应用新知识的能力，使模拟成为最有成效的学习形式之一。D项符合原文表述，故正确。A项和B项虽然也是模拟的优点，但不是其核心优势，不足以支撑它成为最有成效的学习形式之一，故这两项排除。模拟能为员工提供沉浸式学习体验，但这种体验是在模拟现实情境中进行的，并非现实生活中真正的实际学习体验，故C项排除。
50.What should participants do in a simulation to reap the greatest benefits possible?
A) Take the experience as a mere game.B) Apply promptly what they learn to their jobs.C) Develop a deep level of understanding.D) Strive to connect closely with their leaders.•题目翻译：为了在模拟中获得最大的收益，参与者应该做什么？A) 把这次体验仅仅当作一场游戏。B) 立即将他们所学到的知识应用到工作中。C) 培养深层次的理解能力。D) 努力与领导者紧密联系。•定位：根据题干信息词reap the greatest benefits possible可将答案线索定位至最后一段。•解析：最后一段最后一句话提到，为了使模拟带来的益处最大化，参与者应该立即将模拟体验中所学到的知识应用起来，以便在学习和实践之间建立起顺畅的衔接。由此可知，为了在模拟中获得最大收益，参与者应该立即将他们所学到的知识应用到工作中，故B项正确。文中明确反对将模拟体验当作游戏，因为这很难将其应用到实际工作中，A项与原文内容相悖，故排除。培养深层次理解能力是模拟带来的益处，而非参与者为获得最大的收益应采取的行动，C项答非所问，故可排除。D项内容原文并未提及，故排除。
GDP growth is not a good indicator of how well a country is performing, and should not be the primary goal of governments. Unlimited growth is not sustainable, and economic thinking is moving toward the idea that we should aim for sustainability in our economic models. But while a sustainable economy is vital to our future, it is a means to an end, not an end in itself.GDP增长并不能很好地衡量国家的发展水平，也不应成为政府的主要目标。无限增长是不可持续的，经济理念正转向我们应当追求经济模式的可持续性。但是，尽管可持续经济对人类的未来至关重要，它也只是实现目标的手段，而非目标本身。The idea that governments should focus on happiness has its critics. There are concerns about how happiness can be measured. Is happiness not a fleeting and subjective psychological state? Don't different people experience different levels of happiness? Even on the broadest interpretation of 'happiness' as prosperity or 'life satisfaction', people want different things.政府应关注国民幸福的观点受到了一些人的批评。人们担心的是如何衡量幸福。幸福难道不是转瞬即逝的主观心理状态吗？不同个体的幸福水平体验难道不是千差万别吗？即便将“幸福”最广义地理解为繁荣或“生活满意度”，人们的追求也各不相同。Of course, governments cannot impose life satisfaction on citizens. But our happiness relies on collaborative efforts as a society. A government's obligation lies in creating conditions that promote prosperity. And there is good reason to suppose that such conditions exist, are globally applicable, and are discoverable through research.当然，政府无法将生活满意度强加给民众。但我们的幸福依赖于社会协作。政府的责任在于创造促进繁荣的条件。有充分理由相信这些条件客观存在、全球适用，并可通过研究发掘。In a recently published article, philosopher Julian Baggini suggests we should focus on 'real wealth' for citizens, which does not depend on GDP growth. Access is key: people do not need to own, but rather access things that enable them to live well. Technological advances and changes in social behavior enable us to make more efficient use of the assets that we already have. And focusing on access to the resources people need to live better lives could help reduce inequality.哲学家朱利安·巴吉尼在近期发表的文章中提出，我们应关注民众的“真实财富”，而这不依赖于GDP增长。关键在于可获得性：人们无需占有，只需获取能改善生活的资源。技术进步和社会行为变革使我们能更高效地利用现有资产。关注人们改善生活所需的资源获取途径将有助于减少不平等现象。As far as it goes, this has much in common with proposals tabled by 'happiness' advocates. But it sets the bar far too low for what governments can and should be doing for their citizens.就目前而言，这一主张与“幸福”倡导者提出的方案颇有共通之处。但它为政府能够且应当为民众做什么设定的标准过低。For example, it's not clear how a 'real wealth' economy would remedy the epidemic of mental ill-health that plagues our society. In Western countries, at least — poor mental health is more detrimental to wellbeing than poverty. Over and above a vastly improved provision of therapeutic mental healthcare, there are preventative measures for improving mental health that governments could and should adopt. The WHO recommends establishing institutions that facilitate community participation — educational programs and interventions that provide skills for promoting mental wellbeing. It says a lot, however, that the WHO feels the need to appeal to the economic benefits of improving mental health to persuade governments that the cost of taking proposed measures is justified. As long as the economy is their priority, governments need go no further than ensuring citizens' continued productivity.例如，尚不清楚“真实财富”经济如何解决困扰我们社会的心理健康危机。至少在西方国家，心理不健康对福祉的损害甚于贫困。除了大力改善心理健康治疗服务外，政府能够且应当采取预防性措施来提升国民心理健康水平。世界卫生组织建议建立促进社区参与的机构——开展教育项目和实施干预措施，以传授促进心理健康所需的技能。然而，世界卫生组织不得不通过强调改善心理健康的经济效益来说服各国政府其建议措施的投入物有所值——这一事实本身就说明了很多问题。只要经济仍是政府的首要关注点，他们就只需确保民众保持持续的生产力，无需更进一步。To demand that governments set the 'happiness' of citizens as their highest priority is to demand that they view citizens as ends in themselves.要求政府将民众幸福作为最高优先级，实质是要求政府将民众本身视为终极目标。
题目及解析
51.What does the passage say is the more recent thinking of economic growth?
A) It should be made sustainable.B) It is vital to the future of humanity.C) It should be governments' chief concern.D) It is an indicator of government performance.•题目翻译：文章指出关于经济增长的最新观点是什么？A) 它应具有可持续性。B) 它对人类未来至关重要。C) 它应成为政府首要关切。D) 它是政府绩效的指标。•定位：根据题干信息词more recent thinking of economic growth可将答案线索定位于文章第一段。•解析：文章开篇明确指出，GDP增长并非衡量国家发展水平的良好指标，也不应成为政府的主要目标，并提出经济理念正转向追求经济模式的可持续性。选项A是文章的核心观点——从追求增长转向追求可持续性，故为正确答案。选项B是可持续经济的特点，但非最新观点；选项C与文中“不应成为政府的主要目标”相矛盾；文中明确否定了选项D这一传统观点，故排除这三项。
52.Why are some people opposed to the idea that governments should focus on happiness?
A) Governments cannot impose happiness on citizens.B) People's happiness is built upon their own endeavor.C) Happiness means different things to different people.D) Happiness depends on sustainable economic growth.•题目翻译：为何有些人反对政府应关注幸福的观点？A) 政府无法将幸福强加于民众。B) 幸福建立在人们的个人努力基础上。C) 幸福对不同人群意义不同。D) 幸福依赖可持续的经济增长。•定位：根据题干信息词opposed和governments should focus on happiness可将答案线索定位于文章第二段，题干中的opposed对应第二段第一句中的critics。•解析：文章第二段列出了反对理由：一、幸福难道不是转瞬即逝的主观心理状态吗？二、不同个体的幸福水平体验难道不是千差万别吗？三、即便将“幸福”最广义地理解为繁荣或“生活满意度”，人们的追求也各不相同。这三点都说明选项C“幸福对不同人群意义不同”，该项准确概括了反对者质疑的原因，即幸福的主观性和个体差异性使其难以成为政策目标，故为正确答案。文中虽提及政府无法将幸福强加于民众，但这不是反对的主要理由，故排除选项A。原文未提及幸福是否建立在个人努力之上，故排除选项B。选项D也不是文章列出的反对理由，故排除。
53.What does philosopher Julian Baggini suggest governments do in a recently published article?
A) Try to reduce inequality between the rich and the poor.B) Provide people with access to resources for a better life.C) Change people's behaviors to put social wealth to better use.D) Make use of advanced technologies to improve people's lives.•题目翻译：哲学家朱利安·巴吉尼在近期发表的文章中建议政府怎么做？A) 努力减少富人和穷人间的不平等现象。B) 为民众提供改善生活的资源获取途径。C) 改变人们的行为以更好利用社会财富。D) 利用先进技术提升人们的生活水平。•定位：根据题干信息词Julian Baggini、suggest governments可将答案线索定位于文章第四段。•解析：第四段阐述了巴吉尼的观点，即应关注公民的“真实财富”，关键在于可获得性：人们无需占有，只需获取能改善生活的资源。关注人们改善生活所需的资源获取途径将有助于减少不平等现象。选项B“为民众提供改善生活的资源获取途径”与巴吉尼的建议相符，故为正确答案。选项A是附带效果而非建议的内容；选项C，文中提到的“改变行为”指社会行为自然变革，非政府干预重点；选项D“利用技术”是手段而非政府直接行动建议，故排除这三项。
54.Why does the WHO feel the need to appeal to the economic benefits of improving mental health to justify its recommendations?
A) Mental health programs cannot be executed without GDP growth.B) Psychological interventions are conducive to people's wellbeing.C) Poor mental health is detrimental to a nation's economic system.D) Governments still take economic development as their priority.•题目翻译：为什么世界卫生组织需强调改善心理健康的经济效益来证明其建议的合理性？A) 没有GDP增长，心理健康项目无法实施。B) 心理干预措施对民众福祉有益。C) 心理不健康损害国家经济体系。D) 政府仍以经济发展为优先关注点。•定位：根据题干信息词WHO、economic benefits可将答案线索定位于文章第六段最后两句。•解析：第六段最后两句指出，世界卫生组织不得不通过强调改善心理健康的经济效益来说服各国政府其建议措施的投入物有所值——这一事实本身就说明了很多问题。只要经济仍是政府的首要关注点，他们就只需确保民众保持持续的生产力，无需更进一步。选项D“政府仍以经济发展为优先关注点”与此相符，故为正确答案。选项A与文中批判GDP的观点相悖；选项B虽是事实，但非题目所问原因；选项C，文中未提及对国家经济体系的损害，故排除这三项。
55.What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage?
A) Governments' goal should be prosperity-driven.B) Governments' goal should be people-oriented.C) Governments should consider citizens' views in decision-making.D) Governments should set sustained productivity as their top priority.•题目翻译：作者在文末试图表达什么信息？A) 政府目标应以繁荣为导向。B) 政府目标应以人为本。C) 政府决策时应考虑民众意见。D) 政府应将持续的生产力作为首要任务。•定位：根据题干信息词the end of the passage可将答案线索定位于文章最后一段。•解析：文章结尾的表述具有高度概括性：要求政府将民众幸福作为最高优先级，实质是要求政府将民众本身视为终极目标。这句话包含两个关键点：将民众幸福作为最高优先级；将民众视为终极目标。选项B“政府目标应以人为本”与此相符，故为正确答案。选项A是作者批判的传统模式，故排除。选项C虽然也符合事实，但不是作者在文末讲的内容。选项D正是作者反对的经济发展优先思维。
