动词体系(中)——动词时态
一、时态的核心概念
1、什么是时态?
时态= 时间 + 状态(体)
时间:过去、现在、将来
状态(体):一般、进行、完成、完成进行
2、时态核心矩阵(重点)
时间\状态 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
现在 | 一般现在时 | 现在进行时 | 现在完成时 | 现在完成进行时 |
过去 | 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 过去完成进行时 |
将来 | 一般将来时 | 将来进行时 | 将来完成时 | 将来完成进行时 |
二、一般现在时
1、一般现在时的五大用法
Ø用法一:表示经常性、习惯性动作(最常用),常与频率副词连用:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never
I often go to school by bike.(我经常骑自行车上学。)
He always gets up early.(他总是早起。)
Ø用法二:表示客观真理、科学事实
The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
Water boils at 100℃.(水在100摄氏度沸腾。)
Ø用法三:表示现在状态或特征
She likes music.(她喜欢音乐。)
He has two brothers.(他有两个兄弟。)
Ø用法四:表示按规定、计划要发生的动作(时刻表)
The train leaves at 8:00 tomorrow.(火车明天8点开。)
School begins in September.(学校九月开学。)
Ø用法五:在时间/条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)
I'll call you when I arrive in Beijing.(我到北京后会给你打电话。)
2、一般现在时的时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 例句 |
频率副词 | always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never | He oftenplays football. |
频率短语 | every day/week/month, once/twice a week, on Sundays | I go swimming twice a week. |
其他 | in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night | She reads books in the evening. |
2、一般现在时的特殊句型
ØHere/There开头的倒装句
Here comes the bus!(公交车来了!)
There goes the bell.(铃声响了。)
Ø新闻标题、图片说明、剧情介绍
President visits China.(总统访问中国。)
In the picture, a girl sits under a tree.(图片中,一个女孩坐在树下。)
三、一般过去时
1、一般过去式的三大用法
Ø用法一:表示过去某个时间发生的动作(最常用),与过去时间状语连用
I watched TV last night.(我昨晚看电视了。)
He visited his grandparents two days ago.(他两天前看望了他的祖父母。)
Ø用法二:表示过去习惯性、经常性动作,可用used to + 动词原形表示"过去常常"
When I was a child, I often played football.(我小时候经常踢足球。)
He used to smoke, but he doesn't now.(他过去常抽烟,但现在不抽了。)
Ø用法三:在虚拟语气中,表示现在或将来的非真实情况
If I were you, I would study harder.(如果我是你,我会更努力学习。)
I wish I had more time.(我希望我有更多时间。)
2、一般过去时的时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 例句 |
明确时间点 | yesterday, last night/week/month/year, ago | I saw him yesterday. |
过去时段 | in 1990, at that time, once, just now | He was born in 1990. |
其他 | the other day(前几天),this morning(今天早上) | I met him the other day. |
四、一般将来时
1、一般将来时的四种表达方式
表达方式 | 构成 | 含义侧重 | 例句 |
will/shall | will/shall + 动词原形 | 临时决定、预测、意愿 | I think it will raintomorrow. |
be going to | be going to + 动词原形 | 计划、打算、迹象 | She is going to visither grandparents. |
现在进行时 | be + 现在分词 | 安排好的事(近期) | We are leavingfor Beijing next Monday. |
一般现在时 | 动词原形(三单加s) | 时刻表、规定 | The train leavesat 8:00 tomorrow. |
Øwill/shall的用法:
will(所有人称):
表示预测:It will be sunny tomorrow.(明天会是晴天。)
表示临时决定:The phone is ringing. I'll answer it.(电话响了,我去接。)
表示意愿:I will help you.(我会帮你。)
shall(第一人称I/we,较正式):
征求意见:Shall we go now?(我们现在走吗?)
承诺:I shall return.(我会回来的。)
Øbe going to的用法
表示计划、打算:I am going to learn French next year.(我打算明年学法语。)
表示有迹象要发生:Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.(看那些云,要下雨了。)
表示决心:I am going to finish this work today.(我今天一定要完成这项工作。)
Ø现在进行时表将来的用法,表示近期安排好的事,常与将来时间状语连用
We are having a party this weekend.(我们这周末要举办派对。)
He is coming to see me tomorrow.(他明天要来看我。)
常用动词:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, meet等表示移动或安排的动词。
Ø一般现在时表将来的用法,表示按时刻表、规定要发生的事
The plane takes off at 10:00.(飞机10点起飞。)
Tomorrow is Sunday.(明天是周日。)
2、一般将来时的时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 例句 |
明确将来时间 | tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon | I will call you tomorrow. |
将来时段 | in the future, in two days, this afternoon | He will arrive in two days. |
其他 | some day(某一天),one day(有一天) | I will visit Paris some day. |
3、一般将来时的特殊句型
Øbe about to + 动词原形(即将)
The meeting is about to begin.(会议即将开始。)
注意:不与具体将来时间状语连用
Øbe to + 动词原形(按计划、安排)
We are to meet at the school gate.(我们约定在校门口见面。)
You are to finish the work by Friday.(你必须在周五前完成工作。)
五、现在进行时:am/is/are + 现在分词(动词-ing)
1、四种用法详解
Ø用法一:表示说话时正在进行的动作(最常用)
Look! The children are playing in the park.(看!孩子们正在公园里玩。)
Listen! Someone is singing outside.(听!外面有人在唱歌。)
Ø用法二:表示现阶段正在进行的动作(不一定说话时)
I am learning English these days.(我这些天在学英语。)
He is writing a novel this year.(他今年在写一部小说。)
Ø用法三:表示将来安排
We are leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.(我们明天要去上海。)
What are you doing this evening?(你今晚打算做什么?)
Ø用法四:与always, constantly等连用,表示感情色彩,表达赞扬、批评、惊讶等
She is always helping others.(她总是帮助别人。→赞扬)
He is constantly making the same mistake.(他老是犯同样的错误。→批评)
3、时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 例句 |
此刻 | now, at the moment, at present | I am studying now. |
近期 | these days, this week/month/year | He is working hard this term. |
提醒词 | Look! Listen! Be careful! Hurry up! | Look! The bus is coming. |
六、过去进行时:was/were+ 现在分词(动词-ing)
1、三种用法详解
Ø用法一:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,常与过去具体时间点连用
At 8 o'clock yesterday evening, I was watching TV.(昨晚8点,我正在看电视。)
What were you doing at this time yesterday?(昨天这个时候你在做什么?)
Ø用法二:表示过去某段时间持续进行的动作,常与过去时间段连用
He was writing a letter from 7 to 9 yesterday.(昨天7点到9点他一直在写信。)
They were working in the field all morning.(他们整个上午都在田里工作。)
Ø用法三:与when/while连用,描述背景,当一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行
When I arrived, they were having dinner.(当我到达时,他们正在吃晚饭。)
While I was reading, the phone rang.(当我在读书时,电话响了。)
2、时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 例句 |
具体时间点 | at 8 yesterday, at this time last week | I was sleeping at 10 last night. |
时间段 | from...to..., all morning/afternoon | He was studying from 2 to 4. |
连词 | when, while, as | Whenhe called, I was cooking. |
3、过去进行时的特殊用法
Ø表示委婉的请求或建议
I was wondering if you could help me.(我在想你是否能帮我。→比I wonder更委婉)
I was hoping you could lend me some money.(我希望你能借我点钱。→比I hope更委婉)
Ø表示过去经常或反复的动作(带感情色彩)
He was always complaining about something.(他总是在抱怨些什么。→批评)
She was constantly helping others.(她经常帮助别人。→赞扬)
4、when与while在时间状语从句中的区别
连词 | 从句时态 | 主句时态 | 例句 |
when | 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | When the teacher came in, we were talking. |
过去进行时 | 一般过去时 | When I was walking in the park, I met an old friend. | |
while | 过去进行时 | 一般过去时 | While I was reading, the phone rang. |
过去进行时 | 过去进行时 | While I was cooking, my mother was cleaning. |
七、现在完成时:have/has + 过去分词
1、现在完成时的核心特点
连接过去与现在:强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
2、三大用法详解(中考重点)
Ø用法一:已完成用法。动作在过去已经完成,强调对现在的影响或结果,常与just, already, yet, recently等连用
I have just finished my work.(我刚完成工作。→现在有空了)
He has already left.(他已经离开了。→现在不在这里)
Have you finished your homework yet?(你完成作业了吗?→关心现在状态)
l与一般过去时的区别:
一般过去时:强调具体时间,只说明事情发生在过去
现在完成时:不强调具体时间,强调过去发生的事情对现在有影响
I have seen the film.(我看过这部电影。→我知道内容)
I saw the film yesterday.(我昨天看了这部电影。→只说明时间)
Ø用法二:未完成用法。动作从过去开始持续到现在,可能还要继续,常与for + 时间段,since + 时间点连用
I have lived here for 10 years.(我在这里住了10年。→现在还住)
He has studied English since 2010.(他从2010年开始学英语。→现在还在学)
Ø用法三:经历用法。表示过去到现在为止的经历,常与ever, never, once, twice, before等连用
Have you ever been to Beijing?(你去过北京吗?)
I have never seen such a beautiful place.(我从未见过这么美的地方。)
He has visited the Great Wall three times.(他参观过长城三次。)
3、现在完成时的时间标志词(重点)
3.1 不确定的过去时间
already(已经),just(刚刚),yet(还,已经),recently(最近),lately(近来)
3.2从过去持续到现在
for + 时间段,since + 时间点,so far(到目前为止),up to now(直到现在)
3.3经历
ever(曾经),never(从未),once(一次),twice(两次),before(以前)
4、现在完成时的特殊考点
4.1 have been to, have gone to, have been in的区别
短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
have been to | 去过某地(已回来) | I have been to Beijing twice.(我去过北京两次。) |
have gone to | 去了某地(未回来) | He has gone to Beijing.(他去北京了。)→不在这里 |
have been in | 在某地待了多久 | I have been in Beijing for 3 years.(我在北京待了3年。) |
4.2瞬间动词不与for/since连用
瞬间动词(动作瞬间完成)不能与表示一段时间的for/since连用:
错误:He has died for 3 years. ❌(die是瞬间动词)
正确:He died 3 years ago. ✅
或:He has been dead for 3 years. ✅(用be dead表示状态)
常见瞬间动词:die, leave, arrive, begin, start, finish, come, go, buy, join等
瞬间动词 | 可转换的延续性表达 |
die | be dead |
leave | be away (from) |
arrive | be here/there |
begin/start | be on |
finish | be over |
come | be here |
go | be there |
buy | have |
join | be in/be a member of |
八、过去完成时:had + 过去分词
1、过去完成时的核心特点
l表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作
l必须有一个过去的参照时间或动作
2、两大用法详解
Ø用法一:表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作,常与by, before, until等引导的时间状语连用
By the end of last month, we had learned 1000 words.
(到上个月底我们已经学了1000个单词。)
He had finished his work before 5 o'clock yesterday.(昨天5点前他已经完成了工作。)
Ø用法二:表示在过去某个动作之前已经完成的动作,常出现在含when, before, after, until等连词的复合句中
When I arrived, the train had left.(当我到达时,火车已经开走了。)
He had left before I came.(我来之前他已经走了。)
3、过去完成时的时间标志词
类型 | 标志词 | 含义 | 例句 |
by短语 | by the end of... by then by that time | 到……为止 | By 2020, he had worked here for 10 years. |
before短语 | before... ...before | 在……之前 | He had finished before 8 o'clock. |
状语从句 | when, before, after, until引导的从句 | 当……时/在……之前/后 | When I called, he had left. |
4、过去完成时的特殊句型
4.1过去完成时在宾语从句中的使用
当主句是过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前时,从句用过去完成时
He said that he had seen the film.(他说他看过这部电影。→看发生在说之前)
I thought I had met him before.(我想我以前见过他。→见发生在想之前)
4.2过去完成时在虚拟语气中的使用:表示与过去事实相反的假设
If I had known the truth, I would have told you.(如果我知道真相,我早就告诉你了。→实际不知道)
I wish I had studied harder.(我真希望当初更努力学习。→实际没努力学)
4.3 hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...表示"一……就……",主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时
Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang.(我一进房间电话就响了。)
No sooner had he finished his speech than everyone applauded.
(他刚结束演讲,大家就鼓掌了。)
十、时态一致性
1、基本原则:主句和从句的时态要保持逻辑上的一致。
Ø规则一:主句现在时/将来时,从句可用任何时态
I know that he is a teacher.(我知道他是老师。)
I know that he was a teacher.(我知道他过去是老师。)
I know that he will be a teacher.(我知道他将成为老师。)
I will tell him when he comes.(他来了我会告诉他。)
Ø规则二:主句过去时,从句通常用过去时态
(1)从句动作与主句动作同时发生→ 一般过去时/过去进行时
He said that he was tired.(他说他累了。)
She told me she was reading a book.(她告诉我她在读书。)
(2)从句动作发生在主句动作之前→ 过去完成时
He said that he had finished his work.(他说他已经完成了工作。)
I thought I had met him before.(我以为我以前见过他。)
(3)从句动作发生在主句动作之后→ 过去将来时
He said that he would come the next day.(他说他第二天会来。)
She told me she was going to visit Beijing.(她告诉我她要去北京。)
Ø规则三:从句表示客观真理、科学事实,永远用一般现在时
The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.(老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。)
He said that light travels faster than sound.(他说光比声音传播得快。)
Ø规则四:时间/条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时
He will call you when he arrives.(他到了会给你打电话。)
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)
2、时态一致性特殊规则(重点)
Øsince从句的时态:主句用现在完成时,since从句用一般过去时
I have lived here since I was born.(我从出生就住在这里。)
Ø宾语从句中有具体过去时间,可用一般过去时
He said he was born in 1990.(他说他生于1990年。)
虽然"出生"在"说"之前,但有具体时间in 1990,可用一般过去时
Ø比较状语从句不受时态一致性限制
He works harder than he did last year.(他比去年工作更努力。)
主句现在时,从句过去时