中考英语语法之动词(中)——动词时态

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中考英语语法之动词(中)——动词时态

动词体系(中)——动词时态

一、时态的核心概念

1、什么是时态?

时态= 时间 + 状态(体)

时间:过去、现在、将来

状态(体):一般、进行、完成、完成进行

2、时态核心矩阵(重点)

时间\状态

一般

进行

完成

完成进行

现在

一般现在时

现在进行时

现在完成时

现在完成进行时

过去

一般过去时

过去进行时

过去完成时

过去完成进行时

将来

一般将来时

将来进行时

将来完成时

将来完成进行时

二、一般现在时

1、一般现在时的五大用法

Ø用法一:表示经常性、习惯性动作(最常用)常与频率副词连用:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never

I often go to school by bike.(我经常骑自行车上学。)

He always gets up early.(他总是早起。)

Ø用法二:表示客观真理、科学事实

The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)

Water boils at 100℃.(水在100摄氏度沸腾。)

Ø用法三:表示现在状态或特征

She likes music.(她喜欢音乐。)

He has two brothers.(他有两个兄弟。)

Ø用法四:表示按规定、计划要发生的动作(时刻表)

The train leaves at 8:00 tomorrow.(火车明天8点开。)

School begins in September.(学校九月开学。)

Ø用法五:在时间/条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)

I'll call you when I arrive in Beijing.(我到北京后会给你打电话。)

2、一般现在时的时间标志词

类型

标志词

例句

频率副词

always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never

He oftenplays football.

频率短语

every day/week/month, once/twice a week, on Sundays

I go swimming twice a week.

其他

in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night

She reads books in the evening.

2、一般现在时的特殊句型

ØHere/There开头的倒装句

Here comes the bus!(公交车来了!)

There goes the bell.(铃声响了。)

Ø新闻标题、图片说明、剧情介绍

President visits China.(总统访问中国。)

In the picture, a girl sits under a tree.(图片中,一个女孩坐在树下。)

三、一般过去时

1、一般过去式的三大用法

Ø用法一:表示过去某个时间发生的动作(最常用)与过去时间状语连用

I watched TV last night.(我昨晚看电视了。)

He visited his grandparents two days ago.(他两天前看望了他的祖父母。)

Ø用法二:表示过去习惯性、经常性动作可用used to + 动词原形表示"过去常常"

When I was a child, I often played football.(我小时候经常踢足球。)

He used to smoke, but he doesn't now.(他过去常抽烟,但现在不抽了。)

Ø用法三:在虚拟语气中,表示现在或将来的非真实情况

If I were you, I would study harder.(如果我是你,我会更努力学习。)

I wish I had more time.(我希望我有更多时间。)

2、一般过去时的时间标志词

类型

标志词

例句

明确时间点

yesterday, last night/week/month/year, ago

I saw him yesterday.

过去时段

in 1990, at that time, once, just now

He was born in 1990.

其他

the other day(前几天),this morning(今天早上)

I met him the other day.

四、一般将来时

1、一般将来时的四种表达方式

表达方式

构成

含义侧重

例句

will/shall

will/shall + 动词原形

临时决定、预测、意愿

I think it will raintomorrow.

be going to

be going to + 动词原形

计划、打算、迹象

She is going to visither grandparents.

现在进行时

be + 现在分词

安排好的事(近期)

We are leavingfor Beijing next Monday.

一般现在时

动词原形(三单加s)

时刻表、规定

The train leavesat 8:00 tomorrow.

Øwill/shall的用法

will(所有人称):

表示预测:It will be sunny tomorrow.(明天会是晴天。)

表示临时决定:The phone is ringing. I'll answer it.(电话响了,我去接。)

表示意愿:I will help you.(我会帮你。)

shall(第一人称I/we,较正式):

征求意见:Shall we go now?(我们现在走吗?)

承诺:I shall return.(我会回来的。)

Øbe going to的用法

表示计划、打算:I am going to learn French next year.(我打算明年学法语。)

表示有迹象要发生:Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.(看那些云,要下雨了。)

表示决心:I am going to finish this work today.(我今天一定要完成这项工作。)

Ø现在进行时表将来的用法表示近期安排好的事,常与将来时间状语连用

We are having a party this weekend.(我们这周末要举办派对。)

He is coming to see me tomorrow.(他明天要来看我。)

常用动词:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, meet等表示移动或安排的动词。

Ø一般现在时表将来的用法表示按时刻表、规定要发生的事

The plane takes off at 10:00.(飞机10点起飞。)

Tomorrow is Sunday.(明天是周日。)

2、一般将来时的时间标志词

类型

标志词

例句

明确将来时间

tomorrow, next week/month/year, soon

I will call you tomorrow.

将来时段

in the future, in two days, this afternoon

He will arrive in two days.

其他

some day(某一天),one day(有一天)

I will visit Paris some day.

3、一般将来时的特殊句型

Øbe about to + 动词原形(即将)

The meeting is about to begin.(会议即将开始。)

注意:不与具体将来时间状语连用

Øbe to + 动词原形(按计划、安排)

We are to meet at the school gate.(我们约定在校门口见面。)

You are to finish the work by Friday.(你必须在周五前完成工作。)

五、现在进行时:am/is/are + 现在分词(动词-ing)

1、四种用法详解

Ø用法一:表示说话时正在进行的动作(最常用)

Look! The children are playing in the park.(看!孩子们正在公园里玩。)

Listen! Someone is singing outside.(听!外面有人在唱歌。)

Ø用法二:表示现阶段正在进行的动作(不一定说话时)

I am learning English these days.(我这些天在学英语。)

He is writing a novel this year.(他今年在写一部小说。)

Ø用法三:表示将来安排

We are leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.(我们明天要去上海。)

What are you doing this evening?(你今晚打算做什么?)

Ø用法四:与always, constantly等连用,表示感情色彩表达赞扬、批评、惊讶等

She is always helping others.(她总是帮助别人。→赞扬)

He is constantly making the same mistake.(他老是犯同样的错误。→批评)

3、时间标志词

类型

标志词

例句

此刻

now, at the moment, at present

I am studying now.

近期

these days, this week/month/year

He is working hard this term.

提醒词

Look! Listen! Be careful! Hurry up!

Look! The bus is coming.

六、过去进行时:was/were+ 现在分词(动词-ing)

1、三种用法详解

Ø用法一:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作常与过去具体时间点连用

At 8 o'clock yesterday evening, I was watching TV.(昨晚8点,我正在看电视。)

What were you doing at this time yesterday?(昨天这个时候你在做什么?)

Ø用法二:表示过去某段时间持续进行的动作常与过去时间段连用

He was writing a letter from 7 to 9 yesterday.(昨天7点到9点他一直在写信。)

They were working in the field all morning.(他们整个上午都在田里工作。)

Ø用法三:与when/while连用,描述背景当一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行

When I arrived, they were having dinner.(当我到达时,他们正在吃晚饭。)

While I was reading, the phone rang.(当我在读书时,电话响了。)

2、时间标志词

类型

标志词

例句

具体时间点

at 8 yesterday, at this time last week

I was sleeping at 10 last night.

时间段

from...to..., all morning/afternoon

He was studying from 2 to 4.

连词

when, while, as

Whenhe called, I was cooking.

3过去进行时的特殊用法

Ø表示委婉的请求或建议

I was wondering if you could help me.(我在想你是否能帮我。→比I wonder更委婉)

I was hoping you could lend me some money.(我希望你能借我点钱。→比I hope更委婉)

Ø表示过去经常或反复的动作(带感情色彩)

He was always complaining about something.(他总是在抱怨些什么。→批评)

She was constantly helping others.(她经常帮助别人。→赞扬)

4、when与while在时间状语从句中的区别

连词

从句时态

主句时态

例句

when

一般过去时

过去进行时

When the teacher came in, we were talking.

过去进行时

一般过去时

When I was walking in the park, I met an old friend.

while

过去进行时

一般过去时

While I was reading, the phone rang.

过去进行时

过去进行时

While I was cooking, my mother was cleaning.

七、现在完成时:have/has + 过去分词

1、现在完成时的核心特点

连接过去与现在:强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

2、三大用法详解(中考重点)

Ø用法一:已完成用法动作在过去已经完成,强调对现在的影响或结果常与just, already, yet, recently等连用

I have just finished my work.(我刚完成工作。→现在有空了)

He has already left.(他已经离开了。→现在不在这里)

Have you finished your homework yet?(你完成作业了吗?→关心现在状态)

l与一般过去时的区别:

一般过去时:强调具体时间,只说明事情发生在过去

现在完成时:不强调具体时间,强调过去发生的事情对现在有影响

I have seen the film.(我看过这部电影。→我知道内容)

I saw the film yesterday.(我昨天看了这部电影。→只说明时间)

Ø用法二:未完成用法动作从过去开始持续到现在,可能还要继续常与for + 时间段since + 时间点连用

I have lived here for 10 years.(我在这里住了10年。→现在还住)

He has studied English since 2010.(他从2010年开始学英语。→现在还在学)

Ø用法三:经历用法表示过去到现在为止的经历常与ever, never, once, twice, before等连用

Have you ever been to Beijing?(你去过北京吗?)

I have never seen such a beautiful place.(我从未见过这么美的地方。)

He has visited the Great Wall three times.(他参观过长城三次。)

3、现在完成时的时间标志词重点)

3.1 不确定的过去时间

already(已经),just(刚刚),yet(还,已经),recently(最近),lately(近来)

3.2从过去持续到现在

for + 时间段,since + 时间点,so far(到目前为止),up to now(直到现在)

3.3经历

ever(曾经),never(从未),once(一次),twice(两次),before(以前)

4、现在完成时的特殊考点

4.1 have been to, have gone to, have been in的区别

短语

含义

例句

have been to

去过某地(已回来

I have been to Beijing twice.(我去过北京两次。)

have gone to

去了某地(未回来

He has gone to Beijing.(他去北京了。)→不在这里

have been in

在某地待了多久

I have been in Beijing for 3 years.(我在北京待了3年。)

4.2瞬间动词不与for/since连用

瞬间动词(动作瞬间完成)不能与表示一段时间的for/since连用:

错误:He has died for 3 years. ❌(die是瞬间动词)

正确:He died 3 years ago. ✅

或:He has been dead for 3 years. ✅(用be dead表示状态)

常见瞬间动词:die, leave, arrive, begin, start, finish, come, go, buy, join等

瞬间动词

可转换的延续性表达

die

be dead

leave

be away (from)

arrive

be here/there

begin/start

be on

finish

be over

come

be here

go

be there

buy

have

join

be in/be a member of

八、过去完成时:had + 过去分词

1、过去完成时的核心特点

l表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作

l必须有一个过去的参照时间或动作

2、两大用法详解

Ø用法一:表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作常与by, before, until等引导的时间状语连用

By the end of last month, we had learned 1000 words.

(到上个月底我们已经学了1000个单词。)

He had finished his work before 5 o'clock yesterday.(昨天5点前他已经完成了工作。)

Ø用法二:表示在过去某个动作之前已经完成的动作常出现在含when, before, after, until等连词的复合句中

When I arrived, the train had left.(当我到达时,火车已经开走了。)

He had left before I came.(我来之前他已经走了。)

3、过去完成时的时间标志词

类型

标志词

含义

例句

by短语

by the end of...

by then

by that time

……为止

By 2020, he had worked here for 10 years.

before短语

before...

...before

……之前

He had finished before 8 o'clock.

状语从句

when, before, after, until引导的从句

……时/在……之前/后

When I called, he had left.

4、过去完成时的特殊句型

4.1过去完成时在宾语从句中的使用

当主句是过去时,且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前时,从句用过去完成时

He said that he had seen the film.(他说他看过这部电影。→看发生在说之前)

I thought I had met him before.(我想我以前见过他。→见发生在想之前)

4.2过去完成时在虚拟语气中的使用表示与过去事实相反的假设

If I had known the truth, I would have told you.(如果我知道真相,我早就告诉你了。→实际不知道)

I wish I had studied harder.(我真希望当初更努力学习。→实际没努力学)

4.3 hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...表示"一……就……",主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时

Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang.(我一进房间电话就响了。)

No sooner had he finished his speech than everyone applauded.

(他刚结束演讲,大家就鼓掌了。)

十、时态一致性

1、基本原则主句和从句的时态要保持逻辑上的一致。

Ø规则一:主句现在时/将来时,从句可用任何时态

I know that he is a teacher.(我知道他是老师。)

I know that he was a teacher.(我知道他过去是老师。)

I know that he will be a teacher.(我知道他将成为老师。)

I will tell him when he comes.(他来了我会告诉他。)

Ø规则二:主句过去时,从句通常用过去时态

1)从句动作与主句动作同时发生→ 一般过去时/过去进行时

He said that he was tired.(他说他累了。)

She told me she was reading a book.(她告诉我她在读书。)

2)从句动作发生在主句动作之前→ 过去完成时

He said that he had finished his work.(他说他已经完成了工作。)

I thought I had met him before.(我以为我以前见过他。)

3)从句动作发生在主句动作之后→ 过去将来时

He said that he would come the next day.(他说他第二天会来。)

She told me she was going to visit Beijing.(她告诉我她要去北京。)

Ø规则三:从句表示客观真理、科学事实,永远用一般现在时

The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.(老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。)

He said that light travels faster than sound.(他说光比声音传播得快。)

Ø规则四:时间/条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时

He will call you when he arrives.(他到了会给你打电话。)

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)

2、时态一致性特殊规则重点)

Øsince从句的时态主句用现在完成时,since从句用一般过去时

I have lived here since I was born.(我从出生就住在这里。)

Ø宾语从句中有具体过去时间,可用一般过去时

He said he was born in 1990.(他说他生于1990年。)

虽然"出生"在"说"之前,但有具体时间in 1990,可用一般过去时

Ø比较状语从句不受时态一致性限制

He works harder than he did last year.(他比去年工作更努力。)

主句现在时,从句过去时

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