◇考点 1 动词的基本形式
动词的五种基本形式
基本形式 | 变化规则 | 示例 |
动词原形 | 词典中一般给出的形式 | do, learn, run, play |
第三人称单数形式 | 一般在动词后直接加-s | run→runs, think→thinks |
以ch, sh, s, o, x结尾的动词后加-es | teach→teaches, wash→washes, go→goes, pass→passes, mix→mixes | |
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变成i，再加-es | study→studies, carry→carries | |
不规则变化 | be→is, have→has | |
动词的-ing形式 | 一般在动词后直接加-ing | read→reading, cook→cooking |
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing | live→living, write→writing | |
以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母后加-ing | sit→sitting, begin→beginning | |
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要先变ie为y，再加-ing（初中共3个） | die→dying, lie→lying, tie→tying | |
过去式和过去分词（规则变化） | 一般在动词后直接加-ed | work→worked, play→played |
以字母e结尾的动词，直接加-d | invite→invited, promise→promised | |
以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母后加-ed | stop→stopped, plan→planned | |
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-ed | carry→carried, study→studied |
注意：动词的过去式、过去分词的不规则变化形式详见课本后“不规则动词表”
◇考点 2 动词的分类
考向1.实义动词
动词根据其后能否接宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。如下表：
类别 | 含义 | 示例 | 例句 |
及物动词 | 及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。 | love， need，ask， want， have, play | Jane usually plays the piano on Saturdays. |
不及物动词 | 不及物动词自身意思完整，无须接宾语。 | happen， come， run， work | Nobody knows what will happen next. |
按其延续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如下表：
类别 | 含义 | 示例 | 例句 |
延续性动词 | 延续性动词表示动作是可持续的，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。 | live,stay,study,work, keep,teach | We have lived in China since 2001. |
非延续性动词 | 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一经发生便立即结束,非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他词代替。 | buy,lend,borrow, die,begin,stop, finish,arrive,join, go,come,catch | I bought the book two days ago. |
考向2.助动词
助动词本身没有意义，不能单独作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等。
助动词 | 句法功能 | 例句 |
be动词（am, is,are）/（was,were） | 构成现在进行时 | Jimmy is playing basketball with his friends. |
构成过去进行时 | Li Ming was sleeping when his father came back. | |
构成被动语态 | Parking is not allowed here. | |
do/does/did | 构成疑问句、否定句 | Do you like the book your mother bought for you? |
用于倒装句 | Seldom does he come late. | |
构成否定祈使句 | Don't make any noise in the library. | |
代替主要动词 | I don't like eating noodles, but my brother does. | |
have/has/had | 构成完成时 | Tom has played soccer on the playground for a long time. |
will/shall/ would | 构成将来时 | There will be more helpful robots in the future. |
考向3.系动词
系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成系表结构来说明主语的身份、性质、状态。具体分类如下：
类别 | 示例 | 例句 |
表示状态的系动词 | be | My father is a teacher. |
表示持续的系动词 | keep， remain， lie， stay | My grandparents take exercise every morning to keep healthy. |
感官系动词 | look， sound， feel， smell， taste | The new cloth feels smooth and soft. |
表示状态变化的系动词 | become， get，turn， go， grow | In spring， trees begin to turn green. |
考向4.实义动词词义辨析
实义动词词义辨析主要是通过上下文考查其在语境中的辨析。
解答语境辨析类试题时，首先要确定每个动词的含义，然后分析语境，找出关键词或前后存在的逻辑关系，确定答案。因此考生在平时的学习过程中，需要重点积累并掌握实义动词的词义及用法。
1.used to do sth.和be used to doing sth.的区别
be used to doing sth.表示习惯做某事,to后的动词用-ing形式;
used to do sth.表示过去常常做某事。如:
I am used to getting up early.我习惯早起。
I used to get up at six in the morning.我过去经常在早上六点起床。
注意:be used to do sth.被用来做某事。如:
Pens are used to write.钢笔被用来写字。
2.arrive,get和reach表示“到达”时的区别
arrive in+大地点,arrive at+小地点,
get to+地点名词,
reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如:
We arrived at the village at five in the afternoon.我们在下午五点到达了那个村庄。
When did you arrive in Beijing?你们是何时到北京的?
How do you usually get to school?你通常怎样到学校?
When she reached the office,the teacher was having a rest.当她到达办公室时,老师正在休息。
3.borrow,lend,keep
borrow“借”,为非延续性动词,表示主语“借入”某物,常用短语borrow sth.from sb./sth.;
lend“借”,为非延续性动词,表示主语“借出”某物,常用短语lend sth.to sb.;
keep“保存;借”,为延续性动词,表示“长时间借用”。如:
I borrowed a book from the school library yesterday.昨天我从校图书馆借了一本书。
Could you lend your pen to me?你能把你的钢笔借给我吗?
How long can we keep the book?我们能借这本书多久?
4.dress,put on,wear
dress sb.给某人穿衣服;
put on“穿上,戴上”,表动作;
wear“穿着,戴着”,表状态,与“be in”同义。如:
Mother dressed her baby in her best clothes.母亲给婴儿穿上最漂亮的衣服。
Jim put on his coat and went out.吉姆穿上大衣出去了。
Lily is wearing a red skirt today.莉莉今天穿着一条红裙子。
5.see,look,watch,read
see看见,表结果;
look看,表动作,不及物动词,后面必须加介词at才能跟宾语;
watch看(比赛、电视);
read看(书、报),表示阅读。如:
I can see an apple on the table.我看见桌子上有一个苹果。
Look,there is a kite flying in the sky.看,天空中有一个风筝。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多对你的健康有害。
Don’t read books in the sun.不要在阳光下读书。
6.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring意为“带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话者的地方”;
take意为“拿去,带走”,表示“拿到远离说话人的地方”;
carry意为“扛,搬”,用力移动,没有方向性;
fetch意为“去取,去拿”,表示往返拿物。
Please take the books to the classroom.请把这些书拿到教室。
Remember to bring your homework to school tomorrow.记得明天把作业带到学校。
The bag is very heavy.Please carry it to my office.这个包很重。请把它提到我的办公室。
Don’t worry.I can fetch the key.别担心,我去取钥匙。
7.die,dead,death,dying
die意为“死”,是非延续性动词;
dead意为“死的”,是形容词,表状态;
death意为“死”,是名词;
dying意为“垂死的,要死的”,是形容词。
Her grandfather died last year.她的祖父去年死了。
Her grandfather has been dead for two years.她的祖父死了两年了。
His death was a great loss to China.他的死对中国是一个极大的损失。
The poor old man was dying.那个可怜的老人快死了。
8.speak,say,talk,tell
speak作为及物动词时接表示语言的名词;
say侧重说的内容;
talk是不及物动词,常跟介词to或with,意为“同某人谈话”;
tell意为“讲述”,并常与story连用,意为“讲故事”。
9.spend,cost,take,pay
spend指花费时间或金钱,后接on sth.或(in)doing sth.;cost用物作主语,意为“需付费”;take可用于固定句型,表示花费时间,其结构为:It(形式主语)+takes/took sb.+时间+to do sth.;pay与介词for连用。
(1)pay指花费时,一般指花钱,主语为人,表示“为某物支付……钱”,用pay+(money+)for sth.。如:
I paid 100 yuan for the dictionary.我花100元买了这本字典。
(2)take指花费时,一般指时间,通常用于句型It takes/took sb.(some time)to do sth.(某人花了多少时间做某事)。如:
It took me 3 days to finish the work.我花了3天的时间完成了这项工作。
(3)cost指花费时,主语是物。sth. cost sb.(money)表示“某物花了某人多少钱”。如:
The dress cost her 185 yuan.这条裙子花了她185元。
(4)spend指花费时,指花时间或金钱,其主语为人。spend(money/time)on sth./(in)doing sth.意为“在(做)某事上花费了多少金钱或时间”。如:
Don’t spend too much money on clothes.别把太多的钱花在服装上。
We spent a day in visiting the factory.我们花了一天的时间参观这个工厂。
10.look for,find
两个词都有“找”的意思。look for 强调寻找的过程;find强调找的结果。
11.listen to,hear
listen to 和hear 都有“听”的意思。
listen强调听的动作,为不及物动词,与to组成固定搭配;
hear强调听的结果。
12.lose,fail,beat,win
lose意为“输给某人”,固定搭配为lose to sb.;fail指“失败”或“未做成某事”;
beat 意为“打败”,后接sb.或某支队伍;
win意为“赢得”,如赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等。
13.lose,forget,leave
lose意为“丢失,遗失”;
forget 意为“忘记”,“忘记要做某事”为
forget to do sth.;
“leave sth.+地点状语”意为“把某物落在某处”。
14.join,take part in,attend
三者都有“参加”的意思。
join一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等;
take part in 指参加大型的活动;
attend 一般指出席会议。
15.like,love,enjoy
like,love和enjoy三个词作动词,都有“喜欢”的意思,但用法有区别。
(1)like意为“喜欢”“爱好”,指对某人或某事赞许或发生兴趣,并积极参加活动,语气较弱。后接名词、代词、动名词或不定式作宾语。
I like playing football.我喜欢踢足球。
She likes to go to the zoo with me.她喜欢和我一起去动物园。
(2)love意为“爱”,在感情上比like强烈,表示深深地爱或对异性的爱。
We love our country.我们热爱祖国。
Mothers and fathers love their children.父母爱他们的孩子。
(3)enjoy意为“喜爱”“欣赏”“享受”。指对某样东西或某件事情感觉愉快,广泛应用于从外界事物中得到喜悦,领略到乐趣。后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语,不能接不定式。
He still enjoys the changes.他仍然喜欢这些变化。
They enjoy going to the concert.他们喜欢去听音乐会。
16.hope,wish
hope和wish都有“希望”的意思,但用法有区别。
(1)hope和wish后均可接动词不定式作宾语。
I hope/wish to go to college.我希望去上大学。
(2)hope和wish后均可接宾语从句。hope表示很有把握实现的愿望;而wish表示无法实现的愿望,从句要用过去时。
We hope that you agree with us.我们希望你同意我们的看法。
I wish I could fly to the moon.但愿我能飞上月球。
(3)hope后不能接“宾语+不定式”,而wish后可以。
(正)I wish her to leave now.我希望她现在离开。
(误)I hope her to leave now.
(4)wish可以表示祝愿,但hope不能。
I wish you well and happy.我祝愿你健康快乐。
17.seem, look, appear
seem,appear,look这三个词都作连系动词,都可以译作“似乎”或“看上去”。但用法不同。
(1)seem意为“似乎”或“看来”,指说话人以客观迹象为依据的主观的判断。
It seems a rock band plays there every evening.一个摇滚乐队似乎每天晚上在那里演奏。
It seems to me that there is something funny about the case.在我看来这件案子有点滑稽。
(2)look所表示的“看来”指从外表上看,是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的,常常是事实。
His wife was wearing a hat that looked like a lighthouse.他的妻子戴着一顶看起来好像一座灯塔的帽子。
This ring looks nice. Is it made of silver?这枚戒指很好看。它是银的吗?
(3)appear指给人以表面的印象,而实际上是否如此,则不得而知。
He appears to want to leave.他看起来要走。
It appears that I am wrong.看来是我错了。
(4)seem和appear这两个词之后常常接动词不定式、形容词等作表语,也可以接that或as if从句;而look后常接形容词或介词短语作语。
It seems that he is lying.似乎他在说谎。
That looks like an interesting film.那看来是部有趣的电影。
18.receive,accept
(1)receive表示“收到,接到”,指客观上收到,被动地接受。如:
I received a Christmas present yesterday.昨天我收到了一份圣诞节礼物。
(2)accept意为“接受”,表示主观上的接受。如:
I didn’t accept Jim’s present.我没有接受吉姆的礼物。
◇考点3 动词短语
考向1.同一介词/副词型
for短语 | ask for 请求care for关心；关怀leave for动身去cheer for为……加油 pay for为……付钱 prepare for为……做准备search for搜寻；寻找send for派人去请stand for代表；象征wait for等待thanks for因……而感谢 |
up短语 | add up加起来；合计bring up提出；养育；培养cheer up使振奋clean up清理；打扫 use up用完；用尽call up打电话dress up穿上盛装；装扮eat up吃光end up最终成为；最后处于fix up修理；修补stay up熬夜tidy up整理；收拾grow up成长；长大hurry up赶快 |
out短语 | blow out 吹灭break out（战争、火灾等）突然发生；爆发point out指出bring out使显现；使变得明显carry out 执行；贯彻find out查明；发现 |
down短语 | break down停止运转；出故障calm down平静下来slow down放慢速度die down变弱；逐渐消失fall down倒塌；跌倒knock down拆除；撞倒；击倒lie down躺下pull down拆掉；拆毁look down俯视；轻视sit down坐下shut down关闭；停业write down写下；记下 |
away 短语 | blow away驱散；吹走get away离开；逃脱pass away去世fly away飞走run away逃跑 throw away扔掉 |
about短语 | argue about争论bring about引起；造成 care about关心；在意hear about听说 hang about闲逛talk about谈论think about考虑worry about担心 |
at短语 | aim at瞄准；旨在laugh at嘲笑arrive at到达（小地方）knock at敲point at 指向…… smile at冲……微笑shout at对……大喊stare...at凝视；盯着看 |
off短语 | run off流失；逃跑drop off入睡；下降fall off减少；跌落leave off停止；中断 shut off关闭；切断pay off偿清（欠款等）ring off挂断电话send off发送；邮寄 set off动身；启程show off炫耀give off（散）发出；放出（气味、热、光等） |
on短语 | agree on就……达成共识call on号召；拜访depend on依靠；依赖feed on以……为食 focus on集中于hold on别挂电话；坚持keep on继续前行pass on传递try on试穿 work on从事于；忙于 |
With 短语 | agree with同意begin with以……开始compare with与……相比 connect with与……相连 catch up with追上；赶上 fall in love with爱上（某人或某物） deal with解决；处理 go with伴随play with和……一起玩 part with放弃；交出（难舍之物） stay/keep in touch with与……保持联系 share with与……分享talk with和……交谈 |
in短语 | break in 强行闯入；打断bring in引入check in报到；登记fill in填写result in导致；引起hand in上交take in吸收；收入believe in信任；信赖 |
考向2.同一动词型
come短语 | come on 加油；快点儿come out 出现；出版come over顺便来访 come along 出现；进展come up with 提出；想出come back回来 come up出现；升起come down落下；崩塌come in进来 come across（偶然）遇见come true（希望、梦想等）实现 |
cut短语 | cut down削减；砍倒cut up切碎cut in插嘴cut into侵犯；打断 cut out删去；停止cut off切断；中断 |
Keep短语 | keep on继续下去keep out留在外面keep away from远离keep off使……不接近 keep up with 跟上keep in touch with和……保持联系 |
look短语 | look at看look after 照顾；照料look into调查look out当心；留神look up查阅；查找look for寻找；盼望look around环顾look over查看；检查look through浏览look back回顾look up to尊敬；钦佩look forward to盼望look out for留心；注意察看look like看起来像 |
put短语 | put up举起；搭建；张贴put down写下；放下put back把……放回原处put into注入；投入put away放好put on穿上；上演；增加put out熄灭put off推迟put through接通（电话） |
turn短语 | turn over翻身；（使）翻转turn out结果是；证明是turn on打开（电灯等）turn off关闭（电灯等）turn away把……拒之门外turn up开大；调高turn down调低，关小；拒绝 turn in上交；归还turn to求助于turn around（使）转身 |
get短语 | get up起床get on上车（船、飞机等）get off下车（船、飞机等）get down下来 get into进入；陷入get to到达get back回来 |
go短语 | go on继续go away走开；离开；消失 go ahead 进行；前进go along继续前进；沿着……走 go by（时间）流逝go over复习；仔细检查go off 爆炸；（警报等）响 go down下降go up上升；增长go out 熄灭；出去（娱乐）go through通过go back返回 |
give短语 | give up放弃give in屈服；让步give away捐赠；泄露give out散发；分发give over停止；交出give back归还；恢复 |
take短语 | take up占用；开始从事take down写下；记下take away带走；拿走take over接收；接管 take out拿出；除去；扣除take care of照顾take place举行；发生take pride in以……为傲 take part in参加take after（在外貌、性格等方面）与（父母等）相像take the place of 代替 |
考向3 混合型
混合辨析，即选项通常设置为“不同动词+不同介词/副词”，需要考生熟记动词短语。
