临近期末,小学英语知识精华总结,同步教材点读让孩子知识点全掌握,考试无忧!

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英语语法重点与难点

1、 as…as…结构:


You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.

你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。


2、 

(1) too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换:前者为简单句,主语只有一个,而后者为复合句,主语有两个:

The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.

(2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换:

He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.

The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.

3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义:

约翰不象迈克那么苯。

John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.

4、 用比较级表示最高级:约翰是班里最高的男生。

John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.

5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:

The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.

6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:


More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.

Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

词组

1. after, in  这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的意思

after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中

如:

She went after three days. 

她是三天以后走的

in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中

如:

She will go in three days. 

她三天以后要走

2. how long, how often, how soon

how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问?

如:

How long ago was it? 

这是多久前的事了?

how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问?

如:

—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 

他(每隔)多久来一次?每月一次。

how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问?

如:

How soon can you come? 

你多快能赶来?

3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some


few 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示“有一些,有一点儿”


few 和 a few修饰可数名词;little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词

several用于修饰可数名词,语意比a few和some更肯定,含有“好几个”的意思

some可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,从数量上说,它有时相当于a few 或 a little,有时指更多一些的数量

4. the other, another

the other 指两个人或事物中的“另一个”,表示特指?

another着重于不定数目中的“另外一个”,表示泛指,所以常用来指至少三个中的一个?

如:

She has taken another of my books. 

她已经拿了我的另外一本书


5. spend, take, cost, pay

spend的宾语通常是时间?金钱?在主动语态中,句子的主语必须是人,而且后面不能用动词不定式做它的宾语?

如:

She spent the whole evening in reading. 

她把整个晚上用来读书

take常常用来指“花费”时间,句子的主语通常是表示事物的词语?

如:

How long will this job take you?

你做这项工作要花多长时间?

cost 指花费时间?金钱或力气等,只能用表示事物的词做主语,并且不能用于被动语态?

如:

How much does the jacket cost?

这件夹克多少钱?

pay 主要指主语(某人)买某物(或为某事)付多少钱(给某人)?

如:

I pay for my rooms by month. 

我按月支付租金

6. among, between

between 的意思是“在……中间,在……之间”,一般指在两者之间?

如:

There is a table between two windows. 

在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。

between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间,但那是指在每二者之间。

如:

the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 

省市和省市之间的关系(这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系?)

7. beat, win

这两个词都有“获胜,打败”的意思,但其后宾语不同?beat是“打败,优于”的意思,后面接人或队?

如:

We beat them. 

我们打败了他们。

win指“赢,获胜”,后面接比赛?名次?

如:

We won the match/game/race/the first place. 

我们赢了这场比赛(获得了第一名)。

8. agree with, agree to

agree with表示“与……意见一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词,也可以跟表示意见。看法的名词或what引导的从句?。

如:

I agree with you without reservation.

我毫无保留地同意你的意见。

We agree with what you said just now.

我们同意你刚才所说的意见。

agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提议,计划,方案”等词句?

如:

I agree to the terms proposed. 

我同意拟议的条件。

9. bring, take, carry,fetch

这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用的场合各不相同。

bring作“带来,拿来”解?

如:

Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work. 

下次不要忘了把一份你的作品带给我。


take是bring的对语,作“带去,拿去”解?

如:

Take the box away, please. 

请把盒子拿走。

carry表示“运载,携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船,也可以用手甚至用头。

如:

This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 

这辆巴士准载一百人。

fetch则表示“去拿来”的意思。

如:

Please fetch me the documents in that room. 

请到那间房间去把文件拿来给我。

10. each, every

两词都是“每个”的意思,但着重点不同。each着重个别的情况,every着重全体,有“所有的”的意思。

如:

She knows each student of the class.

她认识这个班里的每一个学生。

She knows every student of the class.

她认识这个班所有的学生。

11. none

none指“一个也没有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主语时代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词,谓语动词用单、复数都可以。但在“主+系+表”结构中,如果表语为复数,则系动词要用复数形式。

如:

None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 

我们谁也不怕困难。


12. too much, much too

二者都有“太,非常”之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词/副词,不可修饰动词。

如:

It’s much too cold.

天气实在是太冷了。

too much作“太多”讲,有以下三种用法

(1) 作名词词组 
如:

You have given us too much. 

你给我们的太多了。


(2) 作形容词词组修饰不可数名词 如:

Don’t drink too much wine. 

不要饮太多的酒

(3) 作副词词组修饰不及物动词 如:

She talks too much. 

她说话太多

13. happen, take place与occur

happen有“偶然”的意思,多用于客观事物?情况的发生?。

如:

Whatever has happened to your arm? It’s all swollen. 

你的手臂怎么了?肿得好历害!

occur 指有计划地使某些事“发生”,有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉中。

如:

Did it occur to you to phone them about it?

你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话?

事件作主语时,happen和occur可以通用?

如:

The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 

事故是昨天发生的。


take place 指事件发生,但常用来表示“举行”的意思,带有非偶然性?

如:

The meeting took place last night.

会议昨晚举行。

14. in front of, in the front of

in front of的意思是“在……前面”。

如:

There is a tree in front of the house.

房子前面有一棵树。

in the front of的意思是“在……前部”,指在某个空间范围内的前面。

如:

There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 

教室里前部有一块黑板

15. noise, voice, sound

这三个词都作“声音”解,在表示“听到声音”这个意思时,三者可以通用,但它们又各有特定的含义。

sound 作“声音”解,含义最广,指可以听到的任何声音,

如:

a weak sound 

微弱的声

noise作“噪音,嘈杂声,吵闹声”解,指不悦耳,不和谐的声音,它既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。

如:

Another kind of pollution is noise. 

另外一种污染是噪音。

voice 作“声音”解时,多指人发出的声音,包括说话声、歌声和笑声。

如:

He shouted at the top of voice. 

他高声呼喊。

有时也用于引申意义,作“意见、发言权”解。

如:

I have no voice in the matter. 

对于这件事,我没有发言权。

16. arrive, get, reach

三者均可表示“到达”,arrive后通常接介词at(一般用于较小的地方)或 in(一般用于较大的地方)?

如:

We arrived at the station five minutes late. 

我们晚了5分钟到车站?

又如:

They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 

他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎?

get之后通常接介词to。

如:

When we got to the park, it began to rain. 

我们到达公园时,就开始下雨了。

reach是及物动词(较 get更正式),其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语(不能用介词)。

如:

He reached Beijing yesterday. 

他昨天到达北京。

情态动词

1. 考查情态动词表示“推测”的用法


[考点快忆] 

表示肯定推测的情态动词有:

must“一定;准是”,

may“也许;可能”,

might“或许”;

表示否定推测的情态动词有:

can t“不可能”, 

couldn t“不会”,

may not“也许不”,

might not“或许不”;

can表示推测时不用于肯定句,may表示推测时不用于疑问句。

2. 考查情态动词引起的一般疑问句的答语


[考点快忆] 

回答must时,肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn t或don t have to。

回答need时,肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn t。

回答may时,肯定答语用may,否定答语用mustn t 或can t。

3. 考查情态动词的意义


[考点快忆] 

must “必须”;

have to“不得不”;

need “必须;需要”;

can(could)“能;可能”;

may (might) “可以;可能”;

shall,will (would)“将;会;愿意;要”;

should“应当”。

“had better (not) + 动词原形”表示建议;

have to / has to / had to的否定,

疑问形式要借助于助动词do / does / did。

There be 的句子结构

There be是一个“存在”句型,表示“有”的意思,

肯定句的形式为:There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。

be动词单复数的确定,看be后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be动词形式为is;

当所接主语为复数名词时,be动词为are;

当be动词后接两个以上主语时,be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为“某地有某人或某物”。

如:


There is an eraser and two pens>There are two pens and an eraser


(1)there be的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。


否定形式为:There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。

There is not any cat in the room. 

房间里没猫。
There aren t any books

这里没有书


(2)there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首:

Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语

肯定回答:Yes, there is / are.

否定回答:No, there isn t / aren t.

-Is there a dog in the picture?

画上有一只狗吗
-Yes, there is. 

有。

-Are there any boats in the river?

河里有船吗
-No, there aren t. 

没有。

(3)特殊疑问句:How many . . . are there (+地点状语)

某地有多少人或物回答用There be . . .
有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .

How many students are there in the classroom?

教室里有多少学生

(4)如果名词是不可数名词,用:How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语

How much water is there in the cup?

杯中有多少水

定语从句

一. 定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。

例如:

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday

二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。


<1>. 作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。

例如: 

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

<2>. 作宾语:

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.

<3>. 作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。

例如:

What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

<4>. 作状语     

 I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法


1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。

例如:

The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2. whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。

例如:
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。

例如:

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.

4. which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。

例如:
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

5. that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

例如:
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。

例如:

I’ll never forget the time when we worked>He arrived in Beijing>


7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。

例如:

This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

四. 关系代词 

whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,

如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.

五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题:


1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况:


(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如:All that he said is true.

(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。


(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如:

He was the second (person) that told me the secret.

(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例如:

This is the best book (that) I have read this year.

(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如:
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.

2. 只能用which,不用that 的情况:


(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如:
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如:
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.

考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。

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