Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Do our worries follow us into our dreams? A recent study of 389 Italian adults, published in BMC Psychology, suggests that they may. Researchers found that people who reported more worry and more depressive symptoms also tended to report more negative dreams, and that stress sat at the centre of a web of connections linking worry, anxiety and depression.
Dreams have long been associated with people's emotional lives. According to the continuity hypothesis, the concerns and feelings of waking hours can carry over into sleep, so someone under pressure may dream of threatening events. Yet it is hard to tell how different dream experiences relate to different forms of distress. One person may recall dreams often without finding them upsetting, while another may rarely remember a dream but be deeply affected by the few that stay in mind.
Research on dreams and on worry has largely been conducted separately. To bring the two together, a team led by Vittorio Lenzo asked participants to complete questionnaires about how often they recalled dreams, how positive or negative the dreams were and how far they affected daytime mood, as well as about their worry, anxiety, depression and stress. They then applied network analysis, which treats each feature as a point and shows how strongly any two points are related once all the others are taken into account, revealing which features are most tightly linked to the rest.
Depression, anxiety and stress formed a closely knit cluster, with stress the most central element in the network. Worry, by contrast, was most strongly tied to stress and only weakly to anxiety and depression, which the authors suggest may reflect worry's role in sustaining prolonged tension.
The links between dreams and distress were weaker. People whose dreams were more negative in tone reported more depressive symptoms and more worry, while those who felt their dreams affected their daytime mood reported more anxiety.
The authors regard this pattern as consistent with the continuity hypothesis: people who worry a great deal may carry their constant vigilance into sleep. They also suggest that more positive dreams might help dampen distress, and that worry and depression could lead to more negative dreams, which might in turn feed anxiety the next day. Both ideas, however, require testing in studies that follow people over time.
Still, the study has its limits. Because the data were collected at a single point in time, they cannot show whether dreams influence distress, whether distress shapes dreams, or both. The participants, mostly young women recruited online, were not representative, which limits how far the findings can be generalised. Moreover, everything was self-reported, and the links between dreams and distress were small.
46. What makes it hard to link particular dream experiences to particular forms of distress?
A) People rarely dream about what worries them in waking life.
B) Most people remember only the dreams that upset them.
C) Dream recall and emotional impact do not always go together.
D) People who recall dreams more often are usually less affected by them.
47. What did the study find about stress?
A) It was the main source of the other forms of distress.
B) It had the strongest overall links to the other features.
C) It was most closely linked to worry and negative dreams.
D) It was only weakly tied to anxiety and depression.
48. What do we learn about people who felt their dreams affected their daytime mood?
A) They tended to be more depressed than others.
B) They tended to worry more than others.
C) They tended to be more stressed than others.
D) They tended to be more anxious than others.
49. What do the authors suggest about the relationship between dreams and distress?
A) Dreams and distress may affect each other.
B) Dreams may affect distress, but not the reverse.
C) Negative dreams may worsen anxiety, but positive ones may not ease it.
D) Worry may result from negative dreams instead of causing them.
50. What can we infer about the continuity hypothesis from the passage?
A) It is clearly supported by the study's findings.
B) It is undermined by the weak links the researchers found.
C) It fits the findings, though they do not prove it.
D) It applies mainly to people who worry a great deal.
附注：根据历年英语六级真题阅读题源外刊等，摘选最新文章，模拟仿真出题。
参考答案见以下。
Quick look: CBDAC
46.【正确答案】C
【解析】题型： 因果细节题
定位： 第二段第三、四句 “Yet it is hard to tell how different dream experiences relate to different forms of distress. One person may recall dreams often without finding them upsetting, while another may rarely remember a dream but be deeply affected by the few that stay in mind.”（然而，很难说清不同的梦境体验与不同形式的困扰之间有何关联。一个人可能经常回忆起梦境，却并不觉得它们令人不安；而另一个人可能很少记得做过什么梦，却深受那少数留在脑海中的梦的影响。）
分析： 题干问“为什么难以把具体的梦境体验与具体的困扰形式联系起来”，对应第三句的 it is hard to tell how…；原因由第四句的对比给出：前一个人“经常回忆梦境，却不觉得它们令人不安”（回忆多、影响小），后一个人“很少记得梦，却深受少数记住的梦的影响”（回忆少、影响大）。两个例子合起来说明，梦的回忆频率与情绪影响并不总是同步。C 项是对这一对比的抽象概括（Dream recall 对应 recall / remember a dream，emotional impact 对应 upsetting / deeply affected，do not always go together 对应两种相反的组合）。
干扰项： [A] 人们很少梦到醒时所担心的事，与原文相反：第二句所述的连续性假说认为醒时的关切可以延续到睡眠中，压力下的人“可能梦到威胁性事件”，全文首句也在问担忧是否会“跟随”人们进入梦境；[B] 大多数人只记得令人不安的梦，以偏概全：原文只以“另一个人”为个例，且前一个人恰恰是常回忆梦境却并不觉得不安，并无“大多数人只记得令人不安的梦”之说；[D] 经常回忆梦境的人通常受梦的影响更小，把个例拔高为规律：原文只是用两个“可能”出现的人作对照（One person may… while another may…），说明回忆与影响“不一定同步”，并未得出“回忆越多、受影响越小”的一般倾向，usually 缺乏依据。
47.【正确答案】B
【解析】题型： 事实细节题
定位： 第四段首句 “Depression, anxiety and stress formed a closely knit cluster, with stress the most central element in the network.”（抑郁、焦虑和压力形成了一个紧密相连的群组，其中压力是网络中最核心的要素。）；参见第三段末句 “…revealing which features are most tightly linked to the rest.”（……从而揭示哪些特征与其余特征联系最为紧密。）
分析： 第四段首句称压力是网络中“最核心的要素（the most central element）”；第三段末句交代了“核心”的含义——网络分析要找出的正是“与其余特征联系最紧密（most tightly linked to the rest）”的特征。B 项 had the strongest overall links to the other features 是对 most central 的同义转述（strongest overall links 对应 most tightly linked，the other features 对应 the rest）。原文用术语 central，选项改用通俗说法，需要回到第三段把“核心”还原为“整体联系最强”。
干扰项： [A] 压力是其他各种困扰的主要来源，因果倒置/过度推断：网络分析呈现的只是特征两两之间联系的强弱，并不说明谁引发谁，“来源”是原文没有作出的因果断言（第七段还指出数据采自单一时间点，无法判断影响方向）；[C] 压力与担忧和负面梦境联系最紧，偷换对象兼无中生有：原文说的是 worry 与 stress 的联系最强（第四段第二句），那是 worry 的最强联系，并不等于 stress 的最强联系；压力与负面梦境的联系原文未提，梦境与困扰之间的联系整体还较弱（第五段首句）；[D] 压力与焦虑、抑郁的联系很弱，张冠李戴：“only weakly to anxiety and depression”说的是 worry（第四段第二句），压力恰恰与抑郁、焦虑同处一个紧密相连的群组。
48.【正确答案】D
【解析】题型： 事实细节题
定位： 第五段末句 “…while those who felt their dreams affected their daytime mood reported more anxiety.”（……而那些觉得梦境影响了白天情绪的人则报告了更多的焦虑。）
分析： 第五段第二句用 while 连接两类人：梦境基调更消极的人报告了更多抑郁症状和担忧；觉得梦境影响了白天情绪的人报告了更多焦虑。题干问的是后一类人，故答案为焦虑。D 项 tended to be more anxious than others 是对 reported more anxiety 的改写（more anxious than others 对应 more anxiety，tended to 对应报告结果的倾向性）。本题的难点在于同一句里并列着三个结果，需要把每个结果配回各自的人群。
干扰项： [A] 更抑郁，张冠李戴：more depressive symptoms 属于梦境更消极的人，不是觉得梦境影响日间情绪的人；[B] 更爱担忧，张冠李戴：more worry 同样属于梦境更消极的人；[C] 压力更大，无中生有：第五段没有提到压力与梦境特征之间的联系，压力在原文中是困扰各特征所构成网络的中心（第四段首句），与“梦境影响日间情绪”并无对应关系。
49.【正确答案】A
【解析】题型： 观点细节题
定位： 第六段第二、三句 “They also suggest that more positive dreams might help dampen (抑制) distress, and that worry and depression could lead to more negative dreams, which might in turn feed anxiety the next day. Both ideas, however, require testing in studies that follow people over time.”（他们还提出，更积极的梦或许有助于抑制困扰，而担忧和抑郁可能导致更消极的梦，这些梦又可能在第二天加剧焦虑。不过，这两种设想都需要通过长期追踪研究来检验。）
分析： 题干问作者对梦与困扰之间关系的看法（suggest）。第二句提出两种设想：一是更积极的梦可能有助于抑制困扰（梦 → 困扰）；二是担忧和抑郁可能导致更消极的梦，而这些梦又可能在次日加剧焦虑（困扰 → 梦 → 困扰）。两种设想合起来，影响是双向的，且都用 might / could 表示“可能”，第三句还强调需要追踪研究检验。A 项 Dreams and distress may affect each other 是对双向影响的抽象概括（affect each other 对应 dampen distress / lead to more negative dreams / feed anxiety，may 对应 might / could）。
干扰项： [B] 梦可能影响困扰，但反过来不行，与原文相反：原文明确提出 worry and depression could lead to more negative dreams，即困扰也可能影响梦；[C] 消极的梦可能加重焦虑，但积极的梦未必能缓解，半对半错：前半句对应 might in turn feed anxiety，后半句与 more positive dreams might help dampen distress 相反；[D] 担忧可能是消极梦境的结果而不是原因，因果倒置：原文说的是担忧和抑郁“导致”更消极的梦，选项把方向颠倒，instead of 还把原文的方向排除在外。
50.【正确答案】C
【解析】题型： 推理判断题
定位： 第六段首句 “The authors regard this pattern as consistent with the continuity hypothesis…”（作者认为这一模式与连续性假说相一致……）；第七段第二句 “Because the data were collected at a single point in time, they cannot show whether dreams influence distress, whether distress shapes dreams, or both.”（由于数据是在单一时间点收集的，它们无法表明是梦境影响了困扰，还是困扰塑造了梦境，抑或二者兼而有之。）
分析： 连续性假说的内容见第二段第二句（醒时的关切和情感可以延续到睡眠中）。第六段首句说研究中的模式与该假说“一致（consistent with）”，即发现与假说相符；但第七段指出，数据采自单一时间点，无法判断梦与困扰究竟谁影响谁，所以这些发现并不能证明假说成立。综合两处信息，C 项 fits the findings, though they do not prove it 是合理推断（fits 对应 consistent with，do not prove 对应 cannot show）。本题的关键是区分“与……一致”和“证实”。
干扰项： [A] 明确得到研究发现的支持，过度推断：原文只说“与……一致”，第七段又指出数据无法确定影响方向，clearly 把结论拔高了；[B] 被研究发现的微弱联系所削弱，与原文相反：作者认为研究所见模式与该假说一致，“联系较小”在第七段只是被列为研究的局限之一，并未被用来否定假说；[D] 主要适用于爱担忧的人，无中生有：第六段冒号后只是以爱担忧的人为例说明模式与假说一致，并没有说假说“主要适用于”这类人，第二段对该假说的表述是一般性的，没有限定人群。
【参考译文】
我们的忧虑会伴随我们进入梦境吗？近期发表在《BMC心理学》（BMC Psychology）上的一项针对389名意大利成年人的研究表明，答案或许是肯定的。研究人员发现，那些报告称有更多忧虑和抑郁症状的人，往往也会报告有更多的负面梦境；此外，压力在连接忧虑、焦虑和抑郁的复杂关联网络中处于核心地位。
长期以来，梦一直被认为与人们的情感生活密切相关。根据“连续性假说”（continuity hypothesis），人们在清醒状态下的关切和感受可能会延续到睡眠中；因此，承受压力的人可能会梦见具有威胁性的事件。然而，要明确不同的梦境体验与不同形式的心理困扰之间究竟存在怎样的关联，并非易事。有些人可能经常能回忆起梦境，却并不觉得这些梦令人困扰；而另一些人虽然很少记得梦，但偶尔记住的几个梦却可能对他们产生深远影响。
以往关于梦和忧虑的研究大多是各自独立进行的。为了将两者结合起来，由维托里奥·伦佐（Vittorio Lenzo）领导的研究团队邀请参与者填写了问卷，内容涵盖梦境回忆频率、梦境的正负面色彩、梦境对日间情绪的影响，以及参与者自身的忧虑、焦虑、抑郁和压力水平。随后，研究人员运用了“网络分析”方法——将每一项特征视为一个节点，在综合考量所有其他因素的前提下，分析任意两个节点之间的关联强度，从而揭示出哪些特征与其他特征联系最为紧密。
研究发现，抑郁、焦虑和压力构成了一个紧密关联的“集群”，其中压力是该网络中最核心的要素。相比之下，忧虑与压力的关联最为紧密，而与焦虑和抑郁的关联则较弱；研究者认为，这或许反映了忧虑在维持长期紧张状态中所扮演的角色。
梦境与心理困扰之间的关联则相对较弱。梦境基调偏负面的人，往往报告出更多的抑郁症状和忧虑；而那些认为梦境影响了自己日间情绪的人，则报告出更多的焦虑感。
研究者认为，这一模式与“连续性假说”相吻合：那些忧虑较多的人，可能会将这种持续的警觉状态带入睡眠之中。他们还提出，更积极的梦境或许有助于缓解心理困扰；而忧虑和抑郁则可能导致更多的负面梦境，这些梦境反过来又可能加剧次日的焦虑感。然而，这两种观点都需要通过对人们进行长期追踪的研究来加以验证。
此外，这项研究也存在局限性。由于数据是在单一时间点收集的，因此无法确定究竟是梦影响了心理困扰，还是心理困扰塑造了梦，亦或是两者互为因果。研究参与者大多是通过网络招募的年轻女性，缺乏代表性，这限制了研究结果的推广范围。此外，所有数据均来自参与者的自我报告，且梦与心理困扰之间的关联也较为微弱。
