情态动词|高考年年考,丢分全在"一定"和"可能"之间
高中英语语法精讲 · 第 5 期
导语
先看学生最爱丢分的两句:
❌ He mustn't be at home — his bike is gone. ❌ — Must I hand it in today? — No, you mustn't.
情态动词总共才十来个,高一就学过。可到了高三,推测题选不出、改错改不动、写作里"本该做却没做"写不利索。今天把"推测、义务、have done"三块一次讲清。
一、先建立地图:情态动词考什么
| 推测 | |||
| 义务与许可 | |||
| 能力 | |||
| 意愿与习惯 | |||
| 情态 + have done | |||
| 特殊用法 |
一句话定调: 难点不在单词本身,而在"把握程度"和"时间指向"——得同时说清"有几分可能"和"说的是现在还是过去"。
二、10 个高频易错点
1. 情态动词的三条铁律
① 后接动词原形;② 无人称和数的变化;③ 不能单独作谓语。
❌ He cans swim very well. → ✅ He can swim very well.(他游泳游得很好。) ❌ She musts go now. → ✅ She must go now.(她现在必须走了。)
例外组(有形态变化): have to、ought to、used to、be able to。He has to get up early.(他不得不早起。)
口诀:情态后面跟原形,主语再变它不变。
2. 表推测:must 是"一定",can't 是"一定不"
| must | ||
| may | ||
| might / could | ||
| can't |
最容易错的一句: - ❌ He mustn't be at home. → ✅ He can't be at home.(他不可能在家。)
mustn't 只表示"禁止"(不准做某事),永远不能表示否定推测。
口诀:肯定推测用 must,否定推测用 can't,mustn't 只管"禁止"。
3. 疑问句里的推测,只能用 can / could
❌ Must he be ill? → ✅ Can he be ill?(他有可能病了吗?) 回答:Yes, he must. / No, he can't.(是的,一定病了。/ 不,不可能。)
口诀:推测的疑问句,问用 can,答"一定"用 must、"不可能"用 can't——绝不能出现 Must he…?
4. must 是"我要",have to 是"没办法"
| 主观 | 客观 | |
| mustn't | don't have to |
必改错: ❌ I will must finish it tomorrow. → ✅ I will have to finish it tomorrow.(我明天不得不完成它。)
口诀:must 是"我要",have to 是"不得不";must 没有将来式,have to 什么时态都有。
5. mustn't 还是 needn't?一字之差,两回事
| mustn't | ||
| needn't / don't have to |
经典改错: - ❌ You mustn't hand in the paper today; tomorrow is OK. - ✅ You needn't hand in the paper today; tomorrow is OK.(你今天不必交,明天也行。)
口诀:mustn't 是"不许",needn't 是"不必"。看到"也行、也可以",一律用 needn't。
6. may 表许可,答语有讲究
— May I use your dictionary? — Yes, you may. / No, you can't.(—— 我可以用一下你的词典吗?—— 可以。/ 不行。)
两条规则: - 不用 No, you may not 作答,否定答语用 can't 或 mustn't。 - 用 must 提问,否定答语用 needn't / don't have to:— Must I finish it today? — No, you needn't.(—— 我今天必须完成吗?—— 不必。)
口诀:may 问不能用 may not 答;must 问要用 needn't 答。
7. can 还是 be able to?差在"某一次成功"
- 一般能力
,两者都可以:I can swim. = I am able to swim.(我会游泳。) - 某一次具体做到(且成功了)
,只能用 was / were able to、managed to:The building was on fire, but everyone was able to escape in time.(大楼着火了,但所有人都及时逃了出来。)此处不宜用 could escape,因为强调"成功逃生"。
另外一点: can 只有现在式和过去式(could),将来、完成等时态只能用 be able to——❌ I will can → ✅ I will be able to
口诀:能力用 can,某一次"成功做到"用 was able to。
8. 情态动词 + have done:一张表记住七种意思
| must have done | ||
| can't / couldn't have done | ||
| may / might have done | ||
| should / ought to have done | ||
| shouldn't have done | ||
| needn't have done | ||
| could have done |
一组对比: It must have rained last night — the ground is wet.(昨晚一定下雨了,地面是湿的。)/ It can't have rained — the ground is dry.(不可能下过雨,地是干的。)
口诀:must 一定、can't 不可能、may 可能;should 本该、needn't 本不必、could 本能够。
9. needn't have done 与 didn't need to do:一个"白做了",一个"没做"
- needn't have done
:做了,事后看没必要。You needn't have waited for me — I came back by taxi.(你本不必等我的。【你等了】) - didn't need to do
:没做,当时就不需要。I didn't need to wait for him, so I went home.(我不必等他,所以就回家了。【我没等】)
口诀:needn't have done 是"白忙一场",didn't need to do 是"根本没做"。
10. shall / will / would 的三个"冷门但不冷考"的用法
① shall 用于第二、三人称,表允诺、命令、警告("我保证"): - You shall get the money tomorrow.(你明天会拿到这笔钱的。—— 我保证。)
② Shall I / we…?Shall he…?表征询对方意见: - Shall I open the window?(我把窗户打开好吗?)
③ will 表"偏要、就是不肯";would 表过去反复的习惯: - The door won't open.(这门就是打不开。) - When we were children, we would swim in the river every summer.(小时候,我们每年夏天都在河里游泳。)
与 used to 的区别: would 只表"过去的习惯动作",used to 还能表"过去的状态"——✅ There used to be a temple here.(这里过去有座庙。)/❌ There would be a temple here.
口诀:shall 二三人称是"我保证",will 表"偏要",would 表"过去常",状态只能用 used to。
三、高考风格演练(4 题)
1. — Someone is knocking at the door. Who __ it be? — It ____ be Tom. He said he would come at seven. A. can; must B. must; can C. may; mustn't D. can; mustn't
答案:A 解析:疑问句中的推测只能用 can / could,第一空填 can;第二空有依据(他说过七点来),是肯定推测,填 must。
2. — Must I finish the report before Friday? — No, you __. But you ____ hand it in before next Monday. A. needn't; must B. mustn't; must C. needn't; needn't D. mustn't; needn't
答案:A 解析:must 问句的否定答语用 needn't / don't have to("不必",不是"禁止");第二空是"必须",用 must。
3. 语法填空:The ground is wet everywhere. It ______ (must, rain) last night.
答案:must have rained 解析:地面是湿的 → 对昨晚发生的事情做有把握的肯定推测,用 must have done。
4. 短文改错:His car isn't in the garage, so he mustn't be at home.
答案:mustn't → can't 解析:这是否定推测("他不可能在家"),必须用 can't;mustn't 只能表"禁止"。
四、随堂练习(5 题)
1. — Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon? — I'm not sure. I ______ be a little late. A. must B. need C. might D. can't
2. Peter ______ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will
3. You ______ have told me the news earlier; I had already heard it from Mary. A. needn't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. couldn't
4. — Could I borrow your bike for a moment? — Of course you ______. A. could B. can C. might D. must
5. 短文改错:You mustn't have bought so much food — there are only five of us at dinner.
参考答案
- C
。I'm not sure 说明没把握,用 might;must 太肯定,can't 直接否定。 - B
。isn't very sure yet 提示只是"可能",用 may。 - A
。早就从 Mary 那儿听说了,即"你本不必告诉我",用 needn't have done。 - B
。Could I…?是委婉请求,同意时答语仍用 can。 - mustn't → needn't
。句意是"你本不必买这么多",不是"禁止买"。
五、一句话总结
记住"程度"和"时间"这两把尺子:
- 推测只认两家:肯定用 must,否定用 can't;mustn't 只管"禁止",从不表推测。
- 义务三兄弟别串门:mustn't 是不许,needn't 是不必,don't have to 是客观所迫。
- 情态 + have done 记两句:must have done 一定做过,should have done 本该做却没做。
下期预告: 时态(一)——一般现在、现在进行、一般过去、一般将来。同一句"我明天去北京",为什么答案能有三四种?下期讲"时间标志 + 语境"两把尺子,把时态填空变成送分题。
如果这篇帮你理清了 must 和 can't 的分工,收藏起来,考前把"must have done / should have done"那张表再扫一遍;身边有总在情态动词上丢一两分的同学,转给他。