
这里的 that
可以换成 which 吗?
- 剑桥雅思21真题解析 -

剑桥雅思21 Test 2中有篇阅读理解叫做‘Artificial Intelligence’,里面有段话是这样的:
more often than not, data is spread across different government departments that each require special permission to be accessed.
这段话翻成中文:多半情况下,数据分散在不同政府部门,每个部门都需要特殊权限才能访问。
有些同学对于这里的that感到很奇怪,究竟是什么意思呢?如果是定语从句的话能不能用which,也就是这是个限制性定语从句。
比如以下的句子:
1) My favorite place is Kunming which is known as the Spring City.(作主语)
这里的which 指代这个城市,就是Kunming
2) This is the place (which) he would like to visit.(作宾语)
这里的which作从句的宾语,可以省略,在这里表示这个place
3) It is Mount Tai that lies in Shandong Province.(作主语)
这里的that指的是Mountain Tai, 在从句中作主语,不能用which, 因为是强调句。
4) That is the most interesting story (that) i have ever heard of.(作宾语)
这里的that作从句的宾语,可以省略,这里的which作从句的宾语,可以省略,但不能用which替代,当先行词被最高级(如 the best, the most interesting, the first, the last 等)修饰时,关系代词通常只能用 that,而不能用 which。
回到原句中:这里的that能不能被which所替代呢?
这里的先行词 = different government departments(复数)each 是从句内部的同位语,= each (of these departments)
👉 对比两种改写:
1)原句:departments that each require
that 指代 departments;each 作从句主语同位语,谓语用复数 require
2)换成 which:departments which each require ✔完全成立,书面也常见
3)高级改写(更地道学术写作):departments, each of which requires
这里加逗号,变成非限制性,each of which 作主语,谓语单数 requires
that vs which 在本句的细微偏好(学术 / 正式文本)
that:更偏向 “界定、限定”,强调「正是这些部门才需要权限」,科技、政府报告里高频。
which:同样可行,但部分传统语法家会觉得限制性从句优先用 that;现代剑桥、牛津语法已经接受限制性里 which。
小 结

1. 本句没有逗号,限制性定语从句 → that ↔ which 可以互换,句子语法正确;
2. 考试如果是传统语法考题:限制性优先选 that;
3. 学术写作更地道版本:
More often than not, data is spread across different government departments, each of which requires special permission to be accessed.
如果你需要,这里可以总结一份:that 和 which 不能互换的全部场景速记表。
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