[1] NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way, to practise for a real one. The “tabletop exercise” will allow the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event to simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example. The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster, in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth. The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations tasked with studying such near-earth objects, or NEOs. Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector, to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.
[2] “These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know,” said Lindley Johnson, NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer. “This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”
[3] NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanning the skies for NEOs, looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit. Groups such as NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as well as the European Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness-NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.
[4] There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead, it will be used to test out how NEO observers, space agency officials, emergency managers, decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact. Those taking part will discuss possible preparations: how they would explore the asteroid, work out the best ways of deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects. NASA has already participated in such exercises, working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies, including the departments of Defense and State.
[5] Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details. Instead, they just want to know when, where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth, as well as what sort of damage is done. NASA continues to work on that science, however, in an attempt to better improve humanity’s ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.
[6] “NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners,” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA. “They are a great way for us to learn how to work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”
Part 1翻译笔记
[1] NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way, to practise for a real one. The “tabletop exercise” will allow the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event to simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example. The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster, in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth. The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations tasked with studying such near-earth objects, or NEOs. Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector, to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.
[2] “These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know,” said Lindley Johnson, NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer. “This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”
l翻译解析
[1]
1，NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way, to practise for a real one.
这里的pretend和practise都需要根据语境考虑「搭配」问题，你不能说‘NASA假装……，练习……’什么吧，这是正常中文嘛？最基础的常识问题，都不用想肯定是错的。即便一上来读到有点懵，不知道什么意思，往后看呀，找重复用词呀，文章肯定一直就说一件事，不会让你看不懂的，后面不就有asteroid /ˈæstərɔɪd/嘛？所以这里的什么on its way就是说，will be headed for Earth，中文要统一说法，要说具体的事件，不是什么‘在来的路上’，就是‘撞击地球’。英文会指代，会省略，会同义替换，会说得很形象，但中文就是直白地告诉你，具体什么事情，说话的方式简单点。
那么结合NASA和行星撞地球，再根据pretend的‘假装’这层含义，不就是弄个‘假的撞地球演习’吗？专业的说法叫‘模拟演练’。其实pretend在字典里就有‘模拟’这个说法的提示，查字典不是随便看个中文就完事了，要所有意思都看一遍，90%的问题都能找到答案，剩下10%是字典上差不到的，只能根据语境变通。
2，The “tabletop exercise” will allow（the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event）to simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example.
tabletop exercise叫‘桌面演练’，固定概念，the是‘特指’，也就是说这次NASA计划弄的演练属于tabletop exercise，与之对应的概念叫‘实战演练’，简单了解一下就行。在应急准备和危机管理中，实战演练（Field Exercise）和桌面演练（Tabletop Exercise）是两种常用的模拟训练方法。
这里很多同学断句都错了，我强调过，英文不是按照你看到的字面顺序理解，是要‘跳着’理解，你得先把主干动作找到，剩下的谁修饰谁，都要搞清楚，不然翻译就是瞎扯。平时简短的句子还好，句子一长，你的这种习惯就露馅了。
这里读到allow，下意识的反应是什么？不是写个‘允许’，是要找 to do sth啊，没有这种意识就说明还没开窍，还不知道英文特点是怎样的，还是按照中文的逻辑在理解英文。所以这里的主干结构就是allow sb to simulate their response，这个sb很长，包括NASA和其它政府机构。然后对其它政府机构有一层修饰：will be tasked with responding to such an event，所有的定语修饰都理解为‘……的sth’，也就是‘负责应对/处理这类事件的机构’。翻译这么说就行了，具体什么事件，那不就是类似的灾难呗。这里的respond/response如果说动作就是‘应对、处理’，说名词就是‘响应’（当然这个词也可以做动词，组句合理都行），不要写什么‘反应’，你是一点不根据语境变通啊。
The “tabletop exercise” will allow……这个句型重点强调一下，还是很多人闭着眼睛写‘演练将允许……’，你是一点不想动脑，不要用抽象事件发出动作，这是英文论述逻辑，中文不这么说话。要理解真实的事情是什么，要有‘人’的主体视角。你现在搞了一场演习，有什么意义/作用呢？通过这次演习，你可以收获什么，得到什么，学会什么。这个思路，有那么难吗？不需要你想什么翻译技巧，你怎么知道应该用什么技巧更合理？通过译文再讨论翻译技巧都是马后炮。翻译不是解数学题，你只需要理解了‘事件’，用自己的话说出来就行，通过译文与原文的对比，看到两种语言的差异，然后总结出一些大概的翻译原则，不要本末倒置。比如我们说的‘不要用抽象物体发出动作’，是因为你发现这么直译不像中文啊，那你就发现了这种特点，下次再遇到这种结构，就知道不能顺着直译了。
simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example这里，很多同学把ahead of拉到句子开头，说什么‘在……之前，演习如何如何’，这也属于典型的只会机械翻译单词，完全不思考句子要说什么内容。你根本不用管原文的句子结构，把重心放在理解、理解、理解上，你搞演习的目的，不就是在真正的灾难发生之前熟悉整个过程吗？因为我提前模拟过了。这是常识，都不需要作者告诉你，这个逻辑也难懂嘛？所以这里本质是一个整体，也就是‘提前模拟响应流程’。ahead of the possibility of a real example不是整句话的时间状语。
3，The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster, in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth.
这句就错得更离谱了，好像翻译特别难，但你从理解来看呢，又简单得离谱，好的翻译没有什么技巧，就是看你理解到什么程度，理解越清晰透彻，中文越简单、准确、地道。既然说了要搞演练嘛，我告诉你整个演练的场景是怎样的，找个形容词修饰，其实属于最最简单（肤浅）的描述。具体的事件就是an asteroid will be headed for Earth，模拟这样一场灾难（其实第一句已经说过了，又是废话吧，又是重复吧），整个场景是realistic+ fictional【中文句子结构只有两种：①sb干了什么；②sth是怎样的。你的表达都要从这两个角度出发，不要看英文结构是什么】。
Fictional是‘虚构’的，那不废话嘛，本来就是模拟的场景，所以这里的重心是realistic，放后面说，这里和虚构对应的概念是什么？是‘逼真’啊，不是‘真实’。既然已经说了是虚构的，又来一个是真实的，左右脑互博啊？但你可以说‘看起来十分真实’。这里will see和前面will allow一样，不是闭眼写‘将会预见、看见XX’，这都是啥，scenario怎么看见？按照上面的思路，你应该知道怎么说了吧。
4，The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations /tasked with studying such near-earth objects, or NEOs.
这句也是语法理解问题很大，但也真算不上什么长难句吧，The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations，开头就是完整主干了，那么剩下的成分就是修饰呗。看到tasked with，那就是谓语动词呗，什么样的机构？负责研究near-earth objects‘近地天体’的。NEOs不就是near-earth objects的缩写嘛我的天，你是一点不思考，为什么突然冒出来一个NEO，没有完整说法，也没有上下文的提示，鬼知道是啥？英文就不可能这么写。Or表示‘即’，一个等价解释，非常基础的用法，讲过好几次了，不是看到就先写个‘或者’再说。
Develop不就是开发、设计呗，先说这个场景很牛逼，很逼真啊，然后稍微介绍一下，是NASA底下一个（负责研究……的）部门设计的，还有人写‘部门之一’的，我觉得都是学翻译学魔怔了，完全不会正常说话了。
5，Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector, to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.
Such exercises还是一个指代，所以整段就一个概念，所有句子都围绕这个模拟演练展开。Across强调一下，一般指‘遍布、遍及、到处’的概念，这里也就是说，不同地区、不同领域的各个灾难响应部门，平时都会搞这种类似的演练，为啥？目的很简单，真的发生灾难了，我不会不知所措，我有经验了，我知道如何快速、有效地响应。
sector是一个比较宏观的词（比如 the tech sector科技界/科技行业，the financial sector金融界），所以这里the disaster response sector 指的是，由所有参与灾难救援的组织、机构、政策和人员共同构成的“应急领域”。这里可以说‘整个领域’，也可以说‘各个部门’。
[2]
1，“These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know,” said Lindley Johnson, NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer.
然后就是引用人物讲话来‘评价’了，肯定这种演练存在的意义和价值，而不是只有作者在那说，其实引用别人说话就是为了间接佐证自己观点，很基础的论述逻辑。
These exercises have really helped（us in the planetary defense community）to understand（what our colleagues on the disaster management side）need to know这句断句是这样的，还是很基础的初中句型吧，help sb to do sth。这里说到了两个部门，不同部门的任务不同，可以提供彼此需要的信息，这样才是高效的协作，这不就是后面的more effective communications with each other嘛？我估计你也是根本不管前后句有啥关系的。这里很多同学看到介词in/on就是‘在……领域/方面’，是不是我前面说的问题？对单词条件反射，按照单词来断句，根本无视句子的整体结构，看到help就要找什么？
2，“This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”
这里的with our governments，还是‘我们与……’，不是‘政府之间’，你这么说，不就代表政府彼此之间的沟通了嘛？governments的复数表示‘各国政府’，你可以理解为‘我们（各自的）政府’，也就是决策层。小行星撞击地球不是某一个部门（比如气象局或应急管理局）自己就能拍板决定怎么处理的，而是涉及国家安全、全民疏散、甚至国际外交，比如要不要发射核弹去炸小行星，需要国家最高元首和国际社会的批准。
l参考译文
[1] NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way, to practise for a real one. The “tabletop exercise” will allow the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event to simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example. The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster, in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth. The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations tasked with studying such near-earth objects, or NEOs. Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector, to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.
美国国家航空航天局（NASA）计划模拟致命小行星撞击地球的场景，为应对真实灾难进行演练。通过这场“桌面演练”，NASA及其他负责应对此类事件的政府机构可以提前模拟响应流程，防患于未然。此次模拟演练中，一颗小行星冲向地球的灾难场景虽纯属虚构，却十分逼真，由NASA旗下专门研究近地天体（NEOs）的机构设计。各个灾难响应部门都会开展这类演练，旨在确保真正发生灾难时，尽可能快速、高效地作出响应。
[2] “These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know,” said Lindley Johnson, NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer. “This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”
NASA行星防御官林德利·约翰逊（Lindley Johnson）表示：“这些演练确实大有裨益，让我们行星防御工作人员更清楚灾害管理部门同僚需要知道哪些信息。本次演习有助于加强我们彼此之间以及与各国政府的沟通。”
Part 2翻译笔记
[3] NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanning the skies for NEOs, looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit. Groups such as NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as well as the European Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness-NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.
[4] There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead, it will be used to test out how NEO observers, space agency officials, emergency managers, decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact. Those taking part will discuss possible preparations: how they would explore the asteroid, work out the best ways of deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects. NASA has already participated in such exercises, working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies, including the departments of Defense and State.
l翻译解析
[3]
1，NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanningthe skies for NEOs, looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit.
and other这种结构讲过几次了，就是‘等’，你就记住这么写就行，NASA也属于这里的organisations，注意不一定是政府机构，直接说‘机构’就好。整个主干have spent more than 20 years scanning的时态需要注意，所谓的「现在完成时」，强调了动作的‘持续性’和‘未完成性’，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并且极有可能还会继续下去。它不关心动作是否‘做完了’，而是关心‘做了多久’和‘一直在做’。这里的语境是说，过去二十多年里，NASA等机构一直在做这样的事情，而不是什么‘花了二十多年来寻找……’，这个句子读起来感觉是说，花了这么久才找到，好像这个东西很难寻找。
而且，从表达上来看，这么说也有翻译腔的痕迹，英文里的时间是直接接在spent动作后面，但是中文一般都会把时间独立出来，尤其是这个事件本身还比较复杂的时候。当然这也不绝对，如果句子结构已经分了好几个层次，为了避免句子太碎、不连贯，也可以把时间和主句一起说完，还是具体情况具体分析。
这里的scan从理解上来说就是looking for的‘同义替换’，如果你觉得说字面的‘扫描’有点奇怪，又不知道说什么词贴切，那就找looking for的近义说法呀，这就是判断同义替换的意义，你认识其中一个就可以了。还记得我们说的，一个动词本身的含义不一定重要，要看‘动宾搭配’，反而你认识的情况下可能容易先入为主，不知道如何变通了。
2，Groups such as NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as well as the European Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness-NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.
Groups such as这里，包括最后一句的including，本质就是‘举例’嘛，怎么举例结构好多人都说不清楚呢。我是建议这种多个对象的列举，全部都说‘A、B、C等XX’，又好记忆、又简洁，当作固定公式记住，不要被原文结构影响。比如这里你很容易写‘诸如……的机构’，但你会发现这中间的内容很长，每个机构的名字都很复杂，那就等于把原文中的Groups such as这个非常紧凑的信息，拆成了中文的‘诸如……（我离你很远）……等机构’。①从形式上看，这两个语言就没法完全对应，不要字对字照搬，比如你没法说‘机构比如……’这样的中文；②中文的信息获取就是按照你阅读的字面顺序来的，所以不要把一个紧凑、完整的信息，拆成相隔十万八千里的两个成分，我们常强调的‘XX……的sth’，就属于这个问题，动词和宾语也要挨在一起，不要中间插入一堆成分。这是很多同学容易出现的毛病，你的译文，需要把Groups such as这个信息放在一起。你没发现‘等机构’这个说法，不就完美对应了原文的Groups such as吗？
have been working to这个时态，还是说‘一直’在做某事。Communicate这里算是考查‘熟词僻义’吧，其实也是常见概念，不是什么‘交流、沟通’，而是‘传达、传递、传授、告知、告诉’的意思，如：He was eager to communicate his ideas to the group. 他急于把他的想法传达给小组。这里是说，各个机构告诉我们这些天体对地球的威胁，这样我们才知道，哦，原来这些天体还蛮危险的，不然生活中又接触不到，你可能觉得根本没事，其实也就是让大家意识到这个风险的存在，对这个问题有了更清晰的认知。
[4]
1，There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead, it will be used to test out how NEO observers, space agency officials, emergency managers, decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact.
这里strict script在考试时候直译我觉得是没问题的，但是中文不太会说‘严格的脚本’，没有这样的搭配，这里的‘严格’是说一套固定的流程，演练按照预设的剧本走，而这类演练（such an exercise不是‘这个’，是‘这类、这种’）并不是这样的。那真实的演练是怎样的呢，后面一句给你解释，就是检验真的发生撞击了，各方会如何应对，说白了就是考查临场反应呗，这样更接近真实的情况。
Instead, it will be used to这里也很容易照搬直译，我觉得翻译腔很明显，中文就不会这么说话，其实Instead的逻辑基本可以用‘而’字概括，it也不要直译什么‘它’，前面一句的主语不就是‘演练’吗，可以不变，继续往下说事。Impact很多人闭着眼睛写‘影响’，一点不看语境，查字典也不知道多往下看两个意思，这个词可以表示‘冲击、撞击（力）’，也是很常见的用法。如：The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length.撞车时的冲击力使车身变形，仅剩原来长度的三分之一。
2，Those taking part will discuss possible preparations: how they would explore the asteroid, work out the best ways of（deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects）.
explore 在这里说‘探索’有点别扭，还是搭配问题，可以说‘探测’。Deflect/dɪˈflekt/ 指‘偏转、转向’，简单直译就行，或者也可以用自己的话说，就是字数稍微多一些，本质就是让行星运行的轨道发生偏转，不要撞到地球。work out the best ways of（deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects）这里的断句需要注意，你没发现有两个ing吗，明显是并列的动作，要么合并到一起说‘找到……的最佳方案’，要么就要断句，best ways的含义说两次。impact effects其实是一个固定概念，叫‘冲击效应’，当然这里写‘撞击后果/影响’，我觉得也还能接受。
3，NASA has already participated in such exercises, working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
这里没法直接合并说‘二者联合开展演习’，语法结构上有出入，还是要分开说清楚。这里的some就是说，some exercises是和FEMA一起合作开展的，要把意思表达完整了，该省的字数可以省，但你不能为了省字数，让句子读不通吧。
4，Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies, including the departments of Defense and State.
这句我相信大家都看懂了意思，但不知道为什么中文那么烫嘴又复杂，你脑子里理解的意思，不等于你说出来、写出来的中文，所以在理解了含义的基础上，也要刻意总结一些中文表达的特点、规律。如果译文一下子捋不顺，就找一个简单、简短的例子来类比，这句话本质就等于表达‘谁和谁都参加了那个会议’，这就已经是一种组句方式了吧，最简单，还是用‘人+动作’组句呀，怎么我天天说，你就是记不住呢？对应到原文不就是：来自国防部、国务院等各个联邦机构的代表都参加了演习。
然后你可以想，同样的意思，你还可以怎么说，怎么把这个信息介绍给别人？怎么改变句式表达呢，用不同的名词做主语就好了，那这里还有一个很明显的名词，就是‘会议’。中文可以记一些表达，‘汇集、汇聚、聚集’等，用来形容某个场合、会议、活动等都有谁参加。这里你可以说：这些演练汇集了来自国防部、国务院等各个联邦机构的代表。
或者还可以用类似there be的句型，用‘有’来组织语言（不是说只能用‘有’这个字，这是一种总体的思路和句式选择），可以怎么说？你没看过《新闻联播》啊，‘参加会议的有谁和谁’。这里你可以说：参加演练的代表来自国防部、国务院等各个联邦机构/参加演练的人员包括国防部、国务院等各个联邦机构的代表。
including the departments of Defense and State这里的举例刚刚说了，不要在句子最后说什么‘包括国防部和国务院’，不仅累赘啰嗦，影响句子流畅度，还会出现信息的错配，前面一句是‘……的代表’，后面‘包括’的举例对象又是‘机构’（我不说你根本不会发现这个问题），这个问题出在哪？你仔细看原文就知道了，原文including the departments of Defense and State是不是紧挨着 federal agencies的？英文先说完主干Those exercises brought representatives，然后用介词from引出a variety of different federal agencies，再把机构的举例堆后面。你中文能直接照搬这个顺序说吗？
这个问题和我前面说的，‘等机构’就完美对应了原文的Groups such as一模一样。你要在中文表达上，让‘国防部和国务院’和‘机构’放在一起。不还是这个通用的说法吗？所以举例的结构，这么说就最简单，只要不是特别长，有各种修饰从句的举例，都可以这样说。
l参考译文
[3] NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanning the skies for NEOs, looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit. Groups such as NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as well as the European Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness-NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.
二十多年来，NASA等机构一直在探测近地天体，搜寻距离地球轨道3000万英里以内的小行星和彗星。NASA的行星防御协调办公室、欧洲航天局空间态势感知计划的近地天体分部，以及国际小行星预警网络等机构，也一直致力于更有效地传达/告知近地天体对地球构成的威胁。
[4] There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead, it will be used to test out how NEO observers, space agency officials, emergency managers, decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact. Those taking part will discuss possible preparations: how they would explore the asteroid, work out the best ways of deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects. NASA has already participated in such exercises, working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies, including the departments of Defense and State.
此类演练并无固定脚本，而是为了检验近地天体观测人员、宇航局官员、应急管理人员、决策者以及普通民众将如何应对撞击威胁。参与者将讨论可能的应对方案：如何探测小行星、制定最佳偏转方案，以及最大程度降低撞击产生的冲击效应。NASA此前就参与过此类演习，其中一些是与美国联邦紧急事务管理署（FEMA）联合开展的，来自国防部、国务院等各大联邦机构的代表都参与了演习。
Part 3翻译笔记
[5] Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details. Instead, they just want to know when, where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth, as well as what sort of damage is done. NASA continues to work on that science, however, in an attempt to better improve humanity’s ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.
[6] “NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners,” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA. “They are a great way for us to learn how to work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”
l翻译解析
[5]
1，Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details.
这句没什么难度，顺着直译就可以，注意原文要表达的语气和含义是，officials关注的重心不是scientific details，并不是什么‘没有关注、并未关注’，这句话的语气像是责备，你本来应该关注的。而原文只是陈述客观事实，不要随意带入任何原文没有的情感态度。
2，Instead, they just want to know when, where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth, as well as what sort of damage is done.
这个Instead刚刚讲过，体现的就是二者对比，中文可以意合，比如‘我不想出门，只想呆在家里’，体现的是不是这个Instead的逻辑？你觉得非得需要一个‘相反’来对应吗？要理解、体会、记住中文表达的特点，表达‘因果、转折、对比、递进’等任何逻辑，不是非要有个汉字对应的。但也不是任何时候都不需要逻辑词，不要学了一个知识点就走极端，语言永远是灵活多变的。
3，NASA continues to work on that science, however, in an attempt to better improve humanity’s ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.
这里的however要知道转折在哪，为什么转折，看到逻辑词，第一步是思考逻辑衔接，上下文的关系是什么，不是闭眼写一个‘然而’。这里是说，虽然emergency management officials关注的重点不是科学细节，应急响应的过程也不需要知道这些，但这不代表科学研究就不重要了，不知道也无所谓了，NASA还是在持续做这件事的（注意时态是一般现在，表达客观事实啊），也就是‘仍在从事相关科学研究’，注意‘相关’这个词的补充，很好用。很多同学根本没有思考这个问题，反正就是把单词抄下来嘛，写什么‘NASA继续研究科学’，这都啥啊，语气、衔接，根本就读不通，也不知道和上文的关系在哪，前文说了NASA研究什么科学的问题？反正全世界最别扭的中文都被你掌握了。
[6]
1，“NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners,” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA.
这里人物的讲话分了两部分，还是合并到一句话，不然那个标点你根本搞不清，全是凭感觉乱写。人物的英文名字用括号备注一下，不要偷懒。这里两句话就强调一个问题：原文明明就一句话、一个动作、一个主干，一句中文就说完了，你非要拆成几个部分，断得稀碎，那不就越说越复杂，越说越乱了吗？比如这句话的主干动作就是conduct periodic exercises with A，和A定期开展演练，这个对象A长了点，但是核心动作没变啊，为啥要拆开，补充原文没有的动词呢？
Periodic/ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk/不要说‘周期性’，稍微有点生硬，一般说‘定期’做某事，如：Teachers meet periodically to discuss progress.教师定期开会讨论进度。a continually widening community这里看似说得很复杂，其实意思很简单，从字面意思来看就是‘一个不断扩大的合作圈’，但中文明显不能这么说。continually和前面的continue to含义有重复，直接一个‘持续’就够了，强调这件事还在进行，未来还要进行下去。Widening的本质就是‘范围更大’，看语境搭配，不就是‘更多机构’呗。Community不需要翻译，这些机构、合作伙伴本身，不就属于community，我和你合作了，那我们就是一个community，具体指‘具有共同目标或利益的群体’。
2，“They are a great way for us to learn how to /work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”
这句的问题和上一句一样，都是把一句完整意思拆成几个部分，这里的They are a great way for us to learn how to就是一个意群，‘这是我们学习如何……的绝佳方式’。很多同学说什么‘对我们来说，这是一个好的方法，学习……’，就不说后半句衔接是否通顺流畅的问题了，什么叫‘对人来说是好的方法’？这个逻辑成立吗，好方法不应该对应具体的事情吗？They指代exercises演习，演习有很大积极作用（文章主旨是什么？为什么要搞演习？玩啊），单看中文都很容易明白，但还有同学理解为‘人’的概念（属于看到they就给人家定性了），就是上面的‘机构和合作伙伴’，你一点都不看逻辑是否成立吗？They are a great way，人怎么就成为way了呢？
work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan这里的句子也就稍微长了一点，结构是很清晰的，一共三个概念，注意meet也搭配后面的the objectives，所以是‘合作、满足彼此需求、实现目标’，有啥难的？这三个内容都是for us to learn how to的对象，我们通过演习，可以学习、了解这三个方面的内容。House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan这里需要书名号，翻译字面直译就行，大差不差，完整的写法是《国家近地天体预防战略与行动规划》。
稍微强调一下翻译的顺序，如果按照‘这是我们学习如何……的绝佳方式’这个结构来，中间内容很长，前后完整的信息就离太远，我觉得考试也不能算错吧，其实这种结构都可以断句，按照原文顺序来就行，‘这是绝佳的方式，可以让我们学习……’。
l参考译文
[5] Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details. Instead, they just want to know when, where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth, as well as what sort of damage is done. NASA continues to work on that science, however, in an attempt to better improve humanity’s ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.
过往演习表明，应急管理部门官员关注的重点并非科学细节，他们只想知道小行星将在何时、何地、以何种方式撞击地球，以及会造成多大程度的破坏/小行星撞击地球的时间、地点、方式以及可能造成的损害。不过，NASA仍在继续推进相关科学研究，力求人类能更精准地预判撞击位置及后果/以提升人类预测撞击具体位置及后果的能力。
[6] “NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners,” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA. “They are a great way for us to learn how to work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”
FEMA应急响应行动处的莱维提库斯·刘易斯（Leviticus Lewis）表示：“NASA与FEMA将继续联合更多美国政府机构与国际合作伙伴，定期开展演练。这些演习是绝佳的途径，有助于我们学习如何协同作战、满足彼此需求，以及实现白宫《国家近地天体预防战略与行动规划》中设定的目标。”
l双语全文
[1] NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way, to practise for a real one. The “tabletop exercise” will allow the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event to simulate their response, ahead of the possibility of a real example. The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster, in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth. The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations tasked with studying such near-earth objects, or NEOs. Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector, to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.
美国国家航空航天局（NASA）计划模拟致命小行星撞击地球的场景，为应对真实灾难进行演练。通过这场“桌面演练”，NASA及其他负责应对此类事件的政府机构可以提前模拟响应流程，防患于未然。此次模拟演练中，一颗小行星冲向地球的灾难场景虽纯属虚构，却十分逼真，由NASA旗下专门研究近地天体（NEOs）的机构设计。各个灾难响应部门都会开展这类演练，旨在确保真正发生灾难时，尽可能快速、高效地作出响应。
[2] “These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know,” said Lindley Johnson, NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer. “This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”
NASA行星防御官林德利·约翰逊（Lindley Johnson）表示：“这些演练确实大有裨益，让我们行星防御工作人员更清楚灾害管理部门同僚需要知道哪些信息。本次演习有助于加强我们彼此之间以及与各国政府的沟通。”
[3] NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanning the skies for NEOs, looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit. Groups such as NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office as well as the European Space Agency’s Space Situational Awareness-NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.
二十多年来，NASA等机构一直在探测近地天体，搜寻距离地球轨道3000万英里以内的小行星和彗星。NASA的行星防御协调办公室、欧洲航天局空间态势感知计划的近地天体分部，以及国际小行星预警网络等机构，也一直致力于更有效地传达/告知近地天体对地球构成的威胁。
[4] There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead, it will be used to test out how NEO observers, space agency officials, emergency managers, decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact. Those taking part will discuss possible preparations: how they would explore the asteroid, work out the best ways of deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects. NASA has already participated in such exercises, working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies, including the departments of Defense and State.
此类演练并无固定脚本，而是为了检验近地天体观测人员、宇航局官员、应急管理人员、决策者以及普通民众将如何应对撞击威胁。参与者将讨论可能的应对方案：如何探测小行星、制定最佳偏转方案，以及最大程度降低撞击产生的冲击效应。NASA此前就参与过此类演习，其中一些是与美国联邦紧急事务管理署（FEMA）联合开展的，来自国防部、国务院等各大联邦机构的代表都参与了演习。
[5] Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details. Instead, they just want to know when, where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth, as well as what sort of damage is done. NASA continues to work on that science, however, in an attempt to better improve humanity’s ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.
过往演习表明，应急管理部门官员关注的重点并非科学细节，他们只想知道小行星将在何时、何地、以何种方式撞击地球，以及会造成多大程度的破坏/小行星撞击地球的时间、地点、方式以及可能造成的损害。不过，NASA仍在继续推进相关科学研究，力求人类能更精准地预判撞击位置及后果/以提升人类预测撞击具体位置及后果的能力。
[6] “NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners,” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA. “They are a great way for us to learn how to work together and meet each other’s needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”
FEMA应急响应行动处的莱维提库斯·刘易斯（Leviticus Lewis）表示：“NASA与FEMA将继续联合更多美国政府机构与国际合作伙伴，定期开展演练。这些演习是绝佳的途径，有助于我们学习如何协同作战、满足彼此需求，以及实现白宫《国家近地天体预防战略与行动规划》中设定的目标。”
