Hello,everyone!
Welcome to my channel, this is Kelly.
01 真题原文
Before entering a new market, doing a PEST (political, economic, social and technological) analysis is important for tourist firms to know the macro-environmental factors of the market. Businesses should carefully analyze these issues before considering their expansion in a different country through foreign direct investment.
The political analysis relates to how governments influence the companies' strategy and operations. The political environment encompasses laws, government agencies and pressure groups which could have an effect on tourist organizations and entrepreneurs. Such factors include national policies on financial matters, including foreign debt, and the rates of inflation and recession; policies and regulatory legislation on reciprocal trade and foreign investment, travel restrictions; the government's tourism policies; and ecological considerations, among other issues.
Political, legal and regulatory issues can affect the viability of tourist firms. Therefore, any prospective changes in the government's priorities, e.g, public spending, or a change in government, can lead to the opening-up or the closing of markets. Business activity tends to grow and thrive when a nation is politically stable. National governments and their legal systems could facilitate or hinder businesses, in many areas. Therefore, any political changes are closely related to legal and economic matters, for example, employment laws, minimum wage laws, health and safety laws, environmental protection laws, consumer protection laws, tax laws, etc.
Many nations are increasingly encouraging free trade by inviting firms to invest in their country, whilst allowing their domestic firms to engage in overseas business. These nations may decide not to impose conditions on imports, or not discriminate against foreign-based firms. But there are also governments who may oppose free trade. The most common form of trade restrictions is the tariff. Tariffs or levies are usually established to protect domestic manufacturers against competitors by raising the prices of imported goods.
An economic analysis will involve an examination of the target foreign countries' monetary, fiscal and economic policies. The factors affecting consumer purchasing and spending patterns include wealth per capita, discretionary income, industrial development, currency restrictions, balance of payments, imports/export licenses, and fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates. The exchange rate of a country's currency represents its value in relation to that of another country's currency. Currency rates fluctuate on a daily basis, thus creating high risks for many industries, including the travel and hospitality sectors.
A social analysis delves into societal behaviors, customs, values, norms, lifestyles and preferences. Demographic factors, including the age structure of the population, may also change over time. Moreover, social issues could also comprise the cultural environment, which is influenced by the national population size, race, religious beliefs, gender, family, education, occupation, the individual’s position in the social strata, etc. Institutions could influence society's basic values, perceptions and preferences. Climate and seasonal variations could also affect consumer behaviors and their travelling propensity.
Of course, there may be other factors that could affect the consumers’ inclination to travel, including credit facilities and attitudes, competition from other spending behaviors, etc. Social issues may also relate to distances to be travelled, urban versus rural lifestyles and attitudes to travel, emigration, school vacation periods, perceptions on international travel, etc.
A technological analysis is required as marketers need to keep themselves up-to-date with the latest innovations in the tourism industry. Like any other business, the tourist firms, including airlines, are affected by new technologies, which could create new products and market opportunities.
02 Kelly说
节选自 Travel Marketing, Tourism Economics and the Airline Product 的第三章 The Marketing Environment,作者为 Mark Anthony Camilleri。有删改。
文章围绕旅游企业跨国扩张的核心需求,系统阐释了 PEST 分析框架在旅游行业的具体应用。语言专业严谨、通俗易懂、客观中立。整体难度不大,句子不长,但涉及到的领域比较专业,术语较多,对原文细微之处的处理比较重要。
03 Kelly的翻译学习步骤
解析前,我们先分享下英译汉翻译的方法:
译前通读。通常我们在这步需要充分查阅词典,进行词汇扫盲。那么,我在这里给出的词义,是该单词在这篇文章中应选择的词义。当然,你可以思考一下,为什么某个词有好几条释义,但选择了这条呢?
解读翻译。 这一步,我们把自己对于原文的理解通过遣词造句表达出来。在这篇真题的解析中,我会用不同颜色和标注,方便看得更清楚。其中,红色代表谓语,蓝色代表定语,紫色代表状语,黄色高亮是需要注意的代词,蓝色高亮是需要注意的介词和连词。下划线部分代表需要注意的句法成分:动名词/不定式做主语,并列结构等。
译后通读。每次做完一篇文本,请大家务必务必要进行译后通读,毫不夸张地说,这个习惯真的会帮你避免很多问题。译文复盘时应考虑是否有:1)语法错误:是否有单复数、单三、时态等错误; 2)指代错误:是否有上下文指代不一致的情况;3)搭配错误:是否有动宾不搭配、主谓不搭配等情况;4)逻辑错误:是否有在翻译时没能注意到的上下文逻辑谬误;5)拼写错误:是否存在词汇的拼写错误
定期复盘。当然了!如果能够隔几天再将这篇文章拿出来,重新做一遍,看看上次没注意到的地方,这次是否注意到了;上次犯的错误这次还有没有继续犯。那就更完美了!
3&4就留给大家进行安排啦!
我的分享会聚焦在1&2.
04 翻译解析

段1
①Before entering a new market, doing a PEST (political, economic, social and technological) analysisis important for tourist firms to know the macro-environmental factors of the market. ②Businesses should carefully analyze these issues before considering their expansion in a different country through foreign direct investment.
第一步:词汇扫盲
PEST analysis:PEST 分析
P 即 Politics,政治环境要素。是指对组织经营活动具有实际与潜在影响的政治力量和有关的法律、法规等因素。
E 即 Economic,经济要素。是指一个国家的经济制度、经济结构、产业布局、资源状况、经济发展水平以及未来的经济走势等。
S 即 Society,社会要素。是指组织所在社会中成员的民族特征、文化传统、价值观念、宗教信仰、教育水平以及风俗习惯等因素。
T 即 Technology,技术要素。技术要素不仅仅包括那些引起革命性变化的发明,还包括与企业生产有关的新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现和发展趋势以及应用前景。
PEST 分析模型是战略管理中用于评估宏观环境的核心工具,P 是政治(politics),E 是经济(economy),S 是社会(society),T 是技术(technology)。在分析一个企业所处的外部环境的时候,通常是通过这四个因素来分析企业集团所面临的状况。
macro-environmental[adj.] 宏观环境的
business[cn.] a commercial organization such as a company, shop or factory 商业机构;企业;公司;商店。请注意,句②中的 business 是复数,说明这里是个可数名词,对应的是“企业、公司”这个含义。
expansion[n.] an act of increasing or making something increase in size, amount or importance 扩张;扩展;扩大;膨胀
foreign direct investment: the act of a person or organization from one country investing in a business in another country in order to get control of it 外国直接投资:来自一个国家的个人或组织为在另一国家进行业务投资而进行控制的行为
第二步:解读翻译
原文句①:
①Before entering a new market, doing a PEST (political, economic, social and technological) analysisis important for tourist firms to know the macro-environmental factors of the market.
参考译文:
进入新市场前,旅游公司需要开展 PEST(政治、经济、社会、技术)分析去了解目标市场的宏观环境因素,这一点至关重要。
构句解析:
英文前重心,习惯将重要内容放在句子前面的主结构里。因此原文会写“…… is important for ... ”。但中文后重心,习惯将评价、结论等后置于句尾。所以会先交代事件,再交代 it is important。
原文用动名词做主语,这是“英文好物称”的体现。但中文好用人称主语,原句中的 tourist firms 为“类人称”行为主体,因此选用 tourist firms(旅游公司)做主语,符合中文的构句习惯。
也正是因为选择了“旅游公司”做主语,因此接下来需要交代“旅游公司”做了什么事情。那么旅游公司做了什么事情呢?很显然是 do a PEST analysis,做这件事的目的是 know the macro-environmental factors of the market。这部分是“事件”,而 is important,是作者对这件事的评价。因此整体上译成“旅游公司……(做了什么事,目的是什么),这一点至关重要”。
用词解析:
doing a PEST analysis译作“开展 PEST 分析”,而不是“做 PEST 分析”。"开展" 是学术和商业文本中表示 "进行某项活动" 的标准用词,比 "做" 更正式、更专业。
a PEST中的 a 省略了。这里的 a PEST analysis 只是为了符合英文“冠词+单数可数名词”的语法规则,并不真的强调“一个分析”,因此并不需要译出“一个”。
important译作“至关重要”,语气更强,更能突出 PEST 分析在企业跨国扩张中的核心地位。
the market译为“目标市场”,增译“目标”,是因为 PEST 分析必然是针对 “将要进入的目标市场”,原文省略是因为语境明确,但中文商业文本中必须加上“目标” 二字,否则会产生“哪个市场” 的歧义。
原文句②:
②Businesses should carefully analyze these issues before considering their expansion in a different country through foreign direct investment.
参考译文:
企业在考虑通过对外直接投资向他国扩张业务之前,应从这几个维度进行审慎分析。
构句解析:
英文习惯先说结论,再说条件;中文习惯先说条件,再说结论。因此在翻译时,需将 before ... 这部分提前。译文将时间状语 "在考虑... 之前" 提前到主语之后、谓语之前,把核心行动 "必须进行审慎分析" 放在句末,既突出了分析的前提条件,又符合中文 "重点后置" 的表达习惯,逻辑链条更清晰。
用词解析:
expansion对应“扩张业务”,增译“业务”。"扩张" 在中文里是一个比较空泛的词,单独使用会让人不知道扩张什么。加上 "业务" 二字,明确了是企业的业务扩张,增词不增意,既表达原文含义,又符合译入语的表达规范。
carefully analyze译作“审慎分析”。“审慎”不仅包含“仔细”,还强调了“谨慎、周密”,更符合企业重大战略决策的语境。
these issues看似模糊,但在语境中明确指代前面提到的 PEST 四个分析维度。如果直译成“这些问题”,会让中文读者产生误解:“到底是什么问题?”。参考译文把它转换成“从这几个维度”,既准确指代了前文内容,又和“分析”这个动词形成了完美搭配(“从几个维度分析”比“分析问题” 更符合专业语境)
foreign direct investment译为“对外直接投资”。很显然,这里不是指“外商直接投资”,而是指企业对外投资来扩大市场,因此没有直接套用“外商直接投资”这个术语。
a different country译为“他国”。“他国”是书面语中表示“其他国家”的标准用法,比“不同国家”更加简洁正式。

段2
③The political analysis relates to how governments influence the companies' strategy and operations. ④The political environment encompasses laws, government agencies and pressure groups which could have an effect on tourist organizations and entrepreneurs. ⑤Such factors include national policies on financial matters, including foreign debt, and the rates of inflation and recession; policies and regulatorylegislation on reciprocal trade and foreign investment, travel restrictions; the government's tourism policies; and ecological considerations, among other issues.
第一步:词汇扫盲
operations[n.] the activity or work done in a company, or in an area of business or industry(工商业)活动,业务。- 通常用复数形式,特指企业日常的生产、销售、管理等具体执行活动
pressure groups: a group of people who try to influence the government and ordinary people’s opinions in order to achieve the action they want, for example a change in a law 压力集团(向政府和公众施加影响的团体)- 在商业和管理语境中,更常用 “利益集团” 这一译法,强调其代表特定群体利益并施加影响的本质,而非单纯的 “施压”
matter[n.] the present situation, or the situation that you are talking about 事态;当前的状况- 这个词义常用复数
inflation[n.] 通货膨胀 rate of inflation 通胀率
recession[n.] a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed 经济衰退;经济萎缩
regulatory[adj.] having the power to control an area of business or industry and make sure that it is operating fairly(对工商业)具有监管权的,监管的
legislation[n.] a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament 法规;法律 regulatory legislation 监管法规
reciprocal[adj.] involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other 互惠的;相应的 reciprocal trade 互惠贸易(互惠贸易:指两国相互给予关税减免、市场准入等优惠待遇的贸易安排,直接影响国际旅游的签证便利性和交通成本。)
ecological[adj.]connected with the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment 生态的;生态学的
among other issues 以及其他诸多方面。 学术写作中标准的非穷尽性列举收尾表达,表明所列因素只是最主要的代表,而非全部
第二步:解读翻译
原文句③+④:
③The political analysis relates to how governments influence the companies' strategy and operations. ④The political environment encompasses laws, government agencies and pressure groups which could have an effect on tourist organizations and entrepreneurs.
参考译文:
政治环境分析涉及政府对企业战略制定及企业运营活动的影响。政治环境涵盖可能对旅游机构及公司产生影响的法律法规、政府机构和利益集团。
构句解析:
句③中,how governments influence the companies' strategy and operations 若直译为“会如何影响……”略口语化,因此直接译成“对……的影响”。
句④中,which 引导的定语从句不长,可紧缩前置于被修饰名词前。若直接后置,会让句子的逻辑连贯性减弱,不够紧凑清晰。
用词解析:
strategy译作 “战略制定”,增译 “制定” 二字。英文的 “strategy” 既可以指 “战略本身”,也可以指 “制定战略的过程”;而中文的 “战略” 通常只指前者。增译 “制定” 后,明确了政府影响的是企业 “制定战略” 的过程,而不是战略本身,语义更准确。
operations译作 “运营活动”,增译范畴词 “活动” ,与前面的 “战略制定” 形成工整的并列结构。
pressure groups译作 “利益集团”,而不是 “压力集团”。“压力集团” 是政治学的直译术语,带有一定的负面色彩;而在商业和管理语境中,“利益集团” 是更通用、更中性的译法,准确传达了其代表特定群体利益的本质。
tourist organizations译作 “旅游机构”,而不是 “旅游组织”。“旅游组织” 更偏向于行业协会、政府机构等非营利性组织;而 “旅游机构” 更能准确指代原文中以盈利为目的的商业实体。
原文的laws译作 “法律法规”,增译 “法规” 二字。英文的laws在法律语境中天然包含 “法律” 和 “法规” 两层含义,但中文需要明确区分。增译后更符合中国法律体系的表述习惯,也更准确地传达了原文的完整含义。
原文句⑤:
⑤Such factorsinclude national policies on financial matters, including foreign debt, and the rates of inflation and recession; policies and regulatory legislation on reciprocal trade and foreign investment, travel restrictions; the government's tourism policies; and ecological considerations, among other issues.
参考译文:
这类因素包括:国家财政政策(涉及外债、通胀率与经济衰退程度);与互惠贸易和外商投资相关的政策及监管法规,旅行限制措施;政府制定的旅游业相关政策;以及生态环保考量等诸多方面。
构句解析:
1. 在 “包括” 后加冒号,明确引出后续列举内容,符合中文标点使用规范。
将第一个一级项中的插入语including foreign debt, and the rates of inflation and recession转换为中文括号注释形式,放在 “国家财政政策” 之后,既保留了原文的补充说明关系,又避免了句子结构断裂。
用词解析:
rates of recession译作 “经济衰退程度”,而不是 “衰退率”,符合中文的表达习惯。
travel restrictions译作 “旅行限制措施”,增译 范畴词“措施” ,符合中文的表达习惯,与前面的 “政策及监管法规” 形成工整的并列结构。
ecological considerations 译作 “生态环保考量”,而不是 “生态考虑”。“生态环保” 是中文常用的固定表达,比单纯的 “生态” 更准确;“考量” 比 “考虑” 更正式,更符合学术文本的语体要求。

段3
⑥Political, legal and regulatory issues can affect the viability of tourist firms. ⑦Therefore, any prospective changes in the government's priorities, e.g, public spending, or a change in government, can lead to the opening-up or the closing of markets. ⑧Business activity tends to grow and thrive when a nation is politically stable. ⑨National governments and their legal systems could facilitate or hinder businesses, in many areas. ⑩Therefore, any political changes are closely related to legal and economic matters, for example, employment laws, minimum wage laws, health and safety laws, environmental protection laws, consumer protection laws, tax laws, etc.
第一步:词汇扫盲
viability[n.]the fact that something can be done and can be successful 某事可以做并且可以成功的事实
prospective[adj.]expected to do something or to become something 有望的;可能的;预期的;潜在的
thrive[v.] to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc.兴旺发达;繁荣;蓬勃发展;旺盛;茁壮成长
hinder[v.] to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen阻碍;妨碍;阻挡
minimun wage 最低工资
wage[n.] a regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week or every month, for work or services(通常指按周或月领的)工资,工钱
第二步:解读翻译
原文句⑥+⑦:
⑥Political, legal and regulatory issues can affect the viability of tourist firms. ⑦Therefore, any prospective changes in the government's priorities, e.g, public spending, or a change in government, can lead to the opening-up or the closing of markets.
参考译文:
政治、法律与监管层面的问题,会影响旅游企业的生存与发展。因此,只要政府工作重心出现调整(如公共支出调整或政权更迭),旅游市场便会随之开放或关闭。
构句解析:
句⑥:英文是形容词并列作主语的紧凑句式,整体语序比较凝练。译文在主语后加了逗号做短暂停顿,拆分语句节奏,读起来更舒缓,契合中文日常阅读的语感。
句⑦:
· 原句主语偏长,还用逗号插入举例内容,句式层次较丰富。译文把英文陈述句转化为 “只要…… 便会……” 的条件句式,让前后的因果关联变得更直观。
· 同时将原文里e.g.引导的举例内容改用括号标注,替代英文的逗号分隔方式,句式主次分明,结构更清爽,句子逻辑练习更紧密,也符合中文标点使用习惯。
用词解析:
原文political, legal and regulatory issues译作 “政治、法律及监管层面的问题”,增译范畴词 “层面”。英文可直接用形容词修饰名词,中文补充 “层面”,让表述更符合书面语习惯,语义范畴也更清晰。
viability译作 “生存与发展”,没有直译为“生存能力” 或 “可行性”。“生存与发展”既涵盖了 viability 中“持续存在”的核心含义,又自然延伸出企业经营的终极目标,比直译更符合中文读者的认知习惯。
any prospective changes译作“只要... 出现调整”:没有生硬直译为“任何预期的变化”。将英文的形容词短语转换成中文的条件句式“只要... 便...”,既完整保留了“潜在可能性”的核心语义,又避免了翻译腔,读起来自然流畅。
government's priorities译作 “工作重心”,比直译 "政府的优先事项" 更准确、更符合中文读者的理解习惯。
a change in government译作 “政权更迭”,比直译 "政府的变化" 更专业、更准确,明确指代政府换届或政权更替这种重大政治事件,突出了其对市场的颠覆性影响。
增译“旅游”修饰“市场”。原文的 markets 在语境中明确指旅游市场,但英文可以通过上下文省略限定词。中文如果直译成“市场”,会产生歧义,增译后语义更清晰准确。
can lead to译作“便会随之” ,比直译“会导致”更有逻辑连贯性,准确传达了“政治变化” 与“市场开放/关闭” 之间的因果关系和伴随性。、
原文句⑧+⑨:
⑧Business activity tends to grow and thrive when a nation is politically stable. ⑨National governments and their legal systems could facilitate or hinder businesses, in many areas.
参考译文:
国家政局稳定时,商业活动往往蓬勃发展。各国政府及其法律体系会在诸多领域为企业发展提供便利,当然也可能形成阻碍。
构句解析:
句⑧:英文将主句前置、时间状语从句后置,译文调换语序,把表条件的状语放到句首,契合中文 “先铺垫背景,再陈述核心内容” 的表达习惯,读起来逻辑更顺畅,句式节奏也更自然。
句⑨:将 could facilitate or hinder 拆分为两个并列分句,英文可以用一个动词连接两个相反的动作,但中文习惯用两个分句分别表达,这样逻辑更清晰,读起来也更顺口。
· facilitate 增译为“为企业发展提供便利”,如果直译为“便利企业”,会显得生硬不自然。
· hinder 译作“形成阻碍”,比直译为“阻碍企业”更书面化、更正式,与前面半句在结构上更平衡。
用词解析:
politically stable 译作“政局稳定”,将英文中“副词+形容词”结构转译为中文里的主谓结构,符合中文表达方式。
tends to 译作“往往”,比“倾向于”更符合中文的表达方式。
grow and thrive 合并译作“蓬勃发展”,原文 grow 指数量增长,thrive 指质量提升,两者是递进关系。"蓬勃发展" 一词同时涵盖了这两层含义,既体现了规模的扩大,又体现了状态的繁荣。
原文句⑩:
⑩Therefore, any political changes are closely related to legal and economic matters, for example, employment laws, minimum wage laws, health and safety laws, environmental protection laws, consumer protection laws, tax laws, etc.
参考译文:
因此,任何政治变动都与法律和经济事务紧密相关,例如劳动法、最低工资法、职业健康与安全法、环境保护法、消费者权益保护法、税法等。
译文解析:
构句解析:
英文本句是 “总述观点 + 举例说明” 的结构,整体语序和中文表达逻辑比较贴近,因此在构句上没有大的调整。
用词解析:
legal and economic matters 译作 “法律和经济事务”。如果把 matters 直译成 “事情” 会显得口语化,换成 “事务” 之后,语体变得正式,贴合学术文本的行文风格。
health and safety laws 译作 “职业健康与安全法”,增译了 “职业” 一词。health and safety laws 特指企业用工、经营场景下的法规,只译 “健康与安全法” 范围过大,补充 “职业” 后语义更精准,也和国内通用法规名称保持一致。如果只把health理解成“健康”,则会带来歧义——健康不需要立法呀。

段4
⑪Many nations are increasingly encouraging free trade by inviting firms to invest in their country, whilst allowing their domestic firms to engage in overseas business. ⑫These nations may decide not to impose conditions on imports, or not discriminate against foreign-based firms. ⑬But there are also governments who may oppose free trade. ⑭The most common form of trade restrictions is the tariff. ⑮Tariffs or levies are usually established to protect domestic manufacturers against competitors by raising the prices of imported goods.
第一步:词汇扫盲
whilst[conj.] at the same time as; while 与此同时;而
engage in: to take part in something; to make somebody take part in something(使)从事,参加
impose[v.] to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used推行,采用(规章制度);强制实行 + on
discriminate[v.] to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way区别对待;歧视;偏袒 + against
tariff[n.] a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country关税
levy[n.] an extra amount of money that has to be paid, especially as a tax to the government征收额;(尤指)税款
第二步:解读翻译
原文⑪+⑫:
⑪Many nations are increasingly encouraging free trade by inviting firms to invest in their country, whilst allowing their domestic firms to engage in overseas business. ⑫These nations may decidenot to impose conditions on imports, or not discriminate against foreign-based firms.
参考译文:
如今,越来越多的国家大力推动自由贸易,不仅吸引外资入境投资,也支持本国企业拓展海外市场。这些国家可能不会给进口商品设置附加条件,也不会歧视外资企业。
构句解析:
句⑪:
英文主干后接连词by引出方式状语(推动自由贸易的举措),又用whilst衔接并列动作(两个并列举措),句式依托连接词串联成分。但中文不能这样构句,中文常用短句,如果直译成“通过……”会让句子过长,看起来有翻译腔。
因此选择现将原文的时态(现在进行时)显化译为 “如今” ,用做场景铺垫。随后将再把原文两个举措并列,转化为 “不仅…… 也……” 的递进句式,替代英文的连接结构。这样译完,by这个介词所表达的“通过”这个含义,就被意合在句子里面了。“吸引外资入境投资”和“支持本国企业拓展海外市场”是“国家大力推动自由贸易”的方式,完美契合原文by表达的含义。
句⑫:英文采用or连接两个并列否定结构,句式紧凑。译文保留原句并列语义,用 “也” 衔接前后两个否定句,句式流畅。
用词解析:
inviting firms to invest in their country 转译为 “吸引外资入境投资”。结合语境,这里指境外企业前来投资,用 “外资” 这个行业通用词,比直译 “邀请企业来本国投资” 更简洁专业。
whilst 没有生硬直译为 “同时”,搭配句式改用 “不仅…… 也……” 衔接,让两个并列举措的关联更紧密,语句节奏感更好。
domestic firms 译作 “本国企业”,表述直白清晰,能和前文 “外资” 形成明确对应,区分度一目了然。
engage in overseas business 译作 “拓展海外市场”。直译 “从事海外业务” 略显呆板,“拓展海外市场” 是商业领域的地道说法,精准体现企业主动向外发展的行为,贴合营商环境的分析语境
impose conditions on imports 译作 “给进口商品设置附加条件”。impose直译是 “强加”,语气偏强硬,译文改用中性的 “设置”,更贴合客观分析的文风;同时增译 “附加”,点明这是额外增设的限制条款,语义更精准,也把隐含的对象 “进口商品” 明确补充出来,避免表意模糊。
原文⑬+⑭+⑮:
⑬But there are also governments who may oppose free trade. ⑭The most common form of trade restrictions is the tariff. ⑮Tariffs or levies are usually established to protect domestic manufacturers against competitors by raising the prices of imported goods.
参考译文:
但也有一些政府反对自由贸易。关税是最常见的贸易壁垒。通常情况下,征收关税或其他税费可以提高进口商品价格,保护本土制造商免受外来竞争冲击。
构句解析:
句⑬:英文采用there be存在句型,还搭配了后置定语从句修饰主语,句式偏繁复。中文不习惯用冗长的后置定语,译文直接精简句式,把定语内容融合进主句当中,用简短的短句表达原意。转折词 “但” 承接上文内容,前后语句衔接自然,整体句式简洁利落,贴合中文表达特点。
句⑭:英文主语部分修饰成分多,属于典型的 “头重脚轻” 句式。译文调换语序,将主体 “关税” 放到句首,把评价内容后置,让句子重点一目了然。
句⑮:
英文是多层状语嵌套的长句,还使用了被动语态,逻辑环环相扣。中文很少使用被动句式,也不喜欢层层堆叠的长句。
原句中,征收关税和其他税费的目的是protect domestic manufacturers against competitors,方式是 by raising the prices of imported goods。换句话说,征收关税与其他税费,会raise the prices of imported goods(直接效果),最终protect domestic manufacturers against competitors(最终目的)。因此,译文先将表常态的状语usually提前,再拆解原句结构,按照 “举措 — 直接效果 — 最终目的” 的逻辑重新梳理语序,把长句拆分成连贯的流水句,层次清晰,阅读起来轻松自然。
用词解析:
governments 前面增译 “一些”,英文复数名词可直接泛指,中文补充量词后,表述更自然、不笼统,读起来更顺口。
levies 结合前文tariffs译作 “其他税费”,区分开两个近义名词,避免重复翻译造成啰嗦,表意清晰。
domestic manufacturers 译作 “本土制造商”。“本土” 是经贸文本里的常用说法,比直译 “国内的” 更贴合行业语境。
protect...against competitors 意译为 “免受外来竞争冲击”。没有生硬直译 “抵御竞争者”,增译 “外来” 点明竞争主体,补充 “冲击” 一词,让表达更饱满。
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我是Kelly,喜欢文字,喜欢翻译!

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