中考英语 同类词、同义词、近义词、易混易错词及短语分类汇总
一、近义动词辨析
1. spend / take / cost / pay (花费)
🔹spend：人作主语，spend time/money (in) doing / on sth
例：I spend 1 hour reading.
🔹take：it 作形式主语，It takes sb + 时间 + to do
例：It takes me an hour to read.
🔹cost：物作主语，只表花钱
例：The book costs 20 yuan.
🔹pay：人作主语，pay money for sth
例：I pay 20 yuan for the book.
2. borrow / lend / keep （借）
🔹borrow：借入，短暂动词，borrow sth from sb
🔹lend：借出，短暂动词，lend sth to sb
🔹keep：保管/借多久，延续动词，和 how long 连用
例：
Can I borrow your pen?
I can lend you my pen.
How long can I keep it?
易错：how long 后面绝对不能用 borrow/lend
3. hear / listen / sound （听）
🔹 listen (to)：动作，有意识去听
🔹 hear：结果，听到
🔹sound：系动词，后接形容词，“听起来”
例：
Listen carefully.
I hear nothing.
It sounds good.
4. look / see / watch / read （看）
🔹 look (at)：动作，看
🔹see：结果，看见
🔹watch：观看动态（电视、比赛、表演）
🔹read：读文字类（书、报、信）
例:
Please look at the blackboard carefully.
I can see a bird in the tree.
My father likes to watch football matches.
I usually read books before going to bed.
5. arrive / get / reach （到达）
🔹arrive：arrive in + 大地点 / arrive at + 小地点
🔹get：get to + 地点
🔹reach：及物动词，直接+地点（不加介词）例:
We will arrive at the station at nine.
I get to school at 7 every morning.
She reached Beijing yesterday.
6. forget / leave （落下、忘记）
🔹forget to do：忘记要去做（没做）
🔹forget doing：忘记做过（已做）
🔹leave + 物品 + 地点：把东西落在某地（不用 forget）
例:
Don't forget to lock the door.
I forgot closing the window.
I left my notebook in the classroom.
7. raise / rise （上升、举起）
🔹raise：及物动词，人为举起、筹集（后加宾语）
raise hands 举手 / raise money 筹钱
🔹rise：不及物动词，自然上升（日月、水位、价格）
例:
We raise money for the poor kids.
The sun rises.
8.answer / reply (回答)
🔹answer：及物动词，直接接宾语（问题、电话、敲门），通用
🔹reply：不及物动词，常加 to
例：
answer the question / answer the phone
reply to the letter
9. wear / put on / dress / in 穿
🔹wear：状态，“穿着”
🔹put on：动作，“穿上”
🔹dress：接人，dress sb 给某人穿衣服；dress oneself 自己穿
🔹in + 颜色/衣物（介词，表状态，常作定语/表语）
例：
She wears a red dress today.
Put on your coat. It's cold.
The mother is dressing her baby.
The girl in white is my sister.
10.afford / offer
🔹afford 负担得起；常与 can/could 连用，afford sth/to do
🔹offer 主动提供，offer sb sth / offer to do
例：
I can't afford this new bike.
He offered to help me.
二、人称代词，指示代词，不定代词辨析
1. 人称代词：主格和宾格
用法：主格作主语；宾格作宾语/表语
🔹主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, they
🔹宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, them
例：
She likes English.（she 主语，主格）
We help her every day.（her 宾语，宾格）
2. 形容词性物主代词 & 名词性物主代词
用法：形物代+名词；名物代单独用（=形物代+名词）
形物代:my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名物代:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
例：
This is my pen.（my + 名词pen）
This pen is mine.（mine = my pen，无名词）
3. it / one / that / those（指代物品）
🔹it：指代同一个东西（还是原来那支笔）
🔹one：指代同类不同一个（单数）
🔹that：指代单数/不可数名词，多用于比较
🔹those：that 复数，指代复数名词（比较句型）
例:
I lost my pen. I found it later.
I don’t like this pen. I want a new one.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.
The bikes here are better than those there.
4. this / that / these / those（指示代词）
🔹this(这个)/these(这些)：近处
🔹 that(那个)/those(那些)：远处
例：
This is my desk. That is yours.
These books are new. Those are old.
5. both / all / either / neither（两者/三者及以上）
🔹both：两者都（复数含义，谓语用复数）
🔹all：三者及以上都（谓语单复数看名词）
🔹either：两者任一（单数，谓语用单数）
🔹neither：两者都不（否定，单数）
固定搭配
both A and B 两者都
either A or B 要么…要么…（就近原则）
neither A nor B 既不…也不…（就近原则）
例:
Both girls like music.
All students are here.
Either answer is right.
Neither of them likes swimming.
6.some / any（一些）
🔹some：肯定句；表请求/建议的疑问句（希望得到肯定回答）
🔹any：否定句、一般疑问句
例：
I have some friends.（肯定）
I don’t have any friends.（否定）
Could I have some water?（请求，不用any）
7.many / much（许多）
🔹many + 可数名词复数
🔹much + 不可数名词；也可修饰比较级
例：
Many birds are flying.
There is much water in the bottle.
8. few / a few / little / a little（几乎没有/有一点）
🔹接可数复数：few / a few
🔹接不可数：little / a little
🔹带a = 肯定（有一点）
🔹不带a = 否定（几乎没有）
例:
I have a few storybooks. (有几个，可数肯定)
He has few friends. (几乎没有，可数否定)
There is a little milk. (有一点，不可数肯定)
There is little time left. (几乎没有，不可数否定)
9.other/others/the other/the others/another
🔹other 其他的（泛指） 无范围 必须+复数名词
🔹others 另一些（泛指） 部分，非全部 不加名词
🔹the other 另一个/其余的（特指） 两者 / 剩余全部 单/复数名词
🔹the others 其余全部（特指） 剩余所有 不加名词
🔹another 另一个/再一 三者及以上 单数名词 / 单独用
例:
I have other things to do.
Some kids are singing, others are dancing.
I have two pens. One is red, the other is blue.
These two cups are mine. The others are yours.
I don’t like this shirt. Show me another one.
10.复合不定代词（用法+定语位置+主谓一致）
something/someone/somebody 某事，某人
anything/anyone/anybody 任何事，任何人
nothing/no one/nobody 没有东西，没人
everything/everyone/everybody 一切，每人
something：肯定句；表请求建议的问句
anything：否定句、疑问句
nothing：表否定 = not anything
例：
I have something to tell you.
Is there anything in the box?
There is nothing in the bag.
考点:
🔹形容词必须放在复合不定代词后面作后置定语
❌ important something
✅ something important 重要的事
例：
I have something new to show you.
🔹主谓一致:作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式
例：
Everyone is here.
Nothing is difficult.
11.no one vs none
🔹no one / nobody：只指人，回答 who 问句
例:
Who is in the room? — No one.
🔹none：可指人/物，强调数量，回答 how many/how much
例:
How many students are late? — None.（一个都没有）
12.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time
🔹sometimes 有时（频度副词）
🔹some times 几次；几倍
🔹sometime 某时（过去/将来）
🔹some time 一段时间
例:
He sometimes goes hiking.
I have been there some times
We will meet sometime next week.
Please wait for some time.
13.each / every
🔹each 每一个（强调个体，可单独用、可接of，谓语单数）
🔹every 每一个（强调整体，不能单独用、不能接of，只修饰名词）
例:
Each of us has a book.
Every student must follow the rules.
14.many / much / a lot of / lots of 许多
🔹many + 可数名词复数
例：many books
🔹much + 不可数名词
例：much water
🔹a lot of / lots of：两者通用，可数/不可数均可，口语常用
三、介词易混辨析
时间介词
1.in / on / at
🔹in：接年、月、季节、泛指早中晚、世纪、一段时间后
例：in 2026；in May；in summer；in the morning；in three days（三天后）
🔹on：接具体日期、星期、具体某天的早/中/晚、节日当天
例：on Monday；on June 1st；on a cold morning；on New Year's Day
🔹at：接具体时刻、节日、年龄、正午/夜晚
例：at 7:00；at noon；at night；at Christmas；at the age of 15
易错：有形容词/限定词修饰早中晚，只用 on
❌ in a rainy evening ✅ on a rainy evening
2. during / for
🔹during：在……期间（强调过程，后接时间段/事件）
例：I fell asleep during the class.
🔹for：持续……时长（强调动作延续多久，常搭配完成时）
例：He has lived here for 10 years.
3. since / from
🔹since：自从……（后接点时间，主句常用现在完成时）
🔹from：从……开始（表起止，常和to连用）
例:
She has worked here since 2020.
We have classes from Monday to Friday.
地点/方位介词
1. in / on / at（地点大小区分）
🔹in：大地点、内部空间（城市、国家、大范围）
例：in Beijing；in the room；in China
🔹on：在物体表面、线上（街道、道路、岸边）
例：on the table；on the river；on Green Street
🔹at：小地点、具体点位（车站、门口、街道地址）
例：at the bus stop；at home；at the gate
2. across / through / over / past（穿过）
🔹across：表面横穿（马路、河流、广场）
🔹through：内部穿过（森林、门窗、人群、隧道）
🔹over：从上方越过（山、墙、障碍物，无接触/凌空）
🔹past：从旁边经过
例：
Walk across the road carefully.
We walked through the forest.
The bird flew over the house.
He ran past me just now.
3. in front of / in the front of
🔹in front of：在物体外部的前面
🔹in the front of：在物体内部的前部
例：
A tree stands in front of the classroom.（树在教室外前方）
I sit in the front of the classroom.（我坐在教室内前排）
4. above / over / on（上下位置）
🔹above：在上方，不垂直、不接触
🔹over：在正上方，垂直、可接触/凌空，常含“覆盖”含义
🔹on：在上面，表面接触
例：
The plane flew above the clouds.
There is a bridge over the river.
A book is on the desk.
5. between / among
🔹between：在两者之间
🔹among：在三者及以上之间
例：
The park is between the two buildings.
She is popular among her classmates.
方式/工具介词
1. by / in / on（交通、出行方式）
（1）交通出行
🔹by + 交通工具单数（无冠词、无复数）
例：by bus；by bike；by train
🔹on / in + 冠词/物主代词 + 交通工具
例：on a bus；in my car；on his bike
易错：步行只用 on foot，固定搭配
（2）表达“用某种方式/语言/材料”
🔹by：方式、手段（by doing sth 通过做某事）
例：I learn English by listening to songs.
🔹in：接语言、材料、颜色
例：in English；in ink（用墨水）；in red
🔹with：接具体工具、身体部位
例：cut with a knife；write with hands
2. with / without
🔹with：带有；用；和……一起
🔹without：没有；无
例：
a girl with long hair（长发女孩）
He went out without a coat.
原因、目的、对象介词
1. for / because of（表原因）
🔹for：侧重主观情感、推测原因，不置于句首
🔹because of：侧重客观直接原因，后接名词/代词/短语
例：
He must be ill, for he didn't come.
He was late because of the heavy rain.
2. to / for（表对象、去向）
🔹to：朝向、给（动作指向对方）
例：give sth to sb；go to school
🔹for：为了、给（表用途、服务对象）
例：a gift for you；study for the test
易混固定搭配介词
1. be good at / be good for / be good to
🔹be good at 擅长
例：She is good at drawing.
🔹be good for 对……有益
例：Milk is good for health.
🔹be good to 对……友善
例：He is good to everyone.
2. be late for / be afraid of / be proud of（固定介词，死记）
🔹be late for school 上学迟到
🔹be afraid of snakes 害怕蛇
🔹be proud of our country 为祖国自豪
3. look for / wait for / ask for
🔹look for 寻找
🔹wait for 等待
🔹ask for 请求
4. depend on / live on / spend on
🔹depend on 依靠
🔹live on 接食物、收入、街道
🔹spend money on sth 花钱在某物上
四、-ing / -ed 形容词汇总
规律：
-ing：令人……的（修饰事物）
-ed：感到……的（修饰人）
1. exciting / excited
exciting 令人兴奋的 → The game is exciting.
excited 感到兴奋的 → I’m excited.
2. interesting / interested
interesting 有趣的 → an interesting book
interested 感兴趣的 → be interested in 对……感兴趣
3. surprising / surprised
surprising 令人惊讶的 → surprising news
surprised 感到惊讶的 → We are surprised.
4. moving / moved
moving 感人的 → a moving story
moved 感动的 → I felt moved.
5. relaxing / relaxed
relaxing 令人放松的 → a relaxing trip
relaxed 放松的 → He looks relaxed.
6. tiring / tired
tiring 累人的 → tiring work
tired 疲惫的 → feel tired
7. boring / bored
boring 无聊的（事）→ a boring movie
bored 感到无聊（人）→ I’m bored.
8. frightening / frightened
frightening 吓人的 → a frightening dog
frightened 害怕的 → be frightened
9. amazing / amazed
amazing 令人惊叹的 → amazing scenery
amazed 惊奇的 → She was amazed.
10. disappointing / disappointed
disappointing 令人失望的 → disappointing result
disappointed 失望的 → feel disappointed
11. confusing / confused
confusing 令人困惑的 → confusing rules
confused 迷茫的 → I’m confused.
12. pleasing / pleased
pleasing 令人愉快的
pleased 高兴的、满意的
13. shocking / shocked
shocking 骇人听闻的
shocked 震惊的
14. worrying / worried
worrying 令人担忧的
worried 担心的
五、短语易错汇总
（一）look 系列
1. look for 寻找（动作）
2. find out 查明、弄清楚
3. look after 照顾 = take care of
4. look up 查阅（词典）
5. look out 小心；向外看
6. look over 检查（身体）
7. look around 环顾四周
（二）put 系列
1. put on 穿上（动作）；上演
2. wear 穿着（状态）
3. take off 脱下；（飞机）起飞
4. put away 收起来、整理
5. put up 张贴；搭建；举起
6. put out 熄灭（火）
7. put off 推迟（后接 doing）
（三）take 系列（最多变，完形常客）
1. take care 小心
2. take care of 照顾
3. take place 发生（无被动）
4. take part in 参加（活动）
5. take up 占据（时间/空间）；开始学习
6. take away 拿走
7. take out 取出
8. take off 脱下；起飞
9. take down 记下；拆下
（四）give 系列
1. give up 放弃（give up doing 放弃做）
2. give away 赠送；泄露
3. give back 归还 = return
4. give out 分发；发出（光/热）
（五）get 系列
1. get on / along (with) 相处；进展
2. get up 起床
3. get on 上车（大车：bus/train）
4. get into 上（小车：car）
5. get off 下车
6. get to 到达
三组超级易混
1. used to do 过去常常做（现在不做了）
I used to walk here.
2. be used to do 被用来做（被动）
Wood is used to make paper.
3. be/get used to doing 习惯于做
I am used to getting up early.
（六）turn 系列
1. turn on 打开（电器）
2. turn off 关闭
3. turn up 调大（音量）
4. turn down 调小（音量）
5. turn into 变成
6. turn around 转身
（七）hand 系列
1. hand in 上交
2. hand out 分发
（八）call 系列
1. call up 打电话；召集
2. call on 拜访；号召
3. call off 取消
（九）后只接 doing 的动词
enjoy, finish, practice, mind, keep, suggest, avoid, miss, give up, feel like
结构：动词 + doing
例：mind opening the door 介意开门
（十）后只接 to do 的动词
want, hope, wish, decide, plan, try(努力), learn, refuse, promise, agree
结构：动词 + to do
（十一）既可接 to do 又可接 doing，含义不同
1. stop
stop to do 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
2. remember
remember to do 记得要去做
remember doing 记得做过
3. forget
forget to do 忘记要做
forget doing 忘记做过
4. try
try to do 努力做
try doing 试着做
5. mean
mean to do 打算做
mean doing 意味着
日积月累是学英语的秘诀，只要做好计划每天积累一点点，吃透每个语法点，不懂就问，一定可以把英语学好✊
