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今天分享的是英语题型中一定会出现的“同义替换”
同义替换是英语阅读理解中的核心命题技巧，指命题者通过替换原文中的关键词或短语，用不同的表达方式呈现相同或相近的意思。在阅读理解中，识别并理解这些替换是解题的关键能力，尤其在细节题、词义题和推理题中表现最为明显
以下来自2009年考研英二真题：
题目:阅读以下文章。根据文章内容，在每个问题中选择A、B、C或D.
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
许多美国人将陪审团制度视为民主价值观的具体体现，包括以下原则:所有符合最低年龄和文化程度资格的公民都具备同等能力担任陪审员;陪审员应从社区的代表性横截面中随机选取;任何公民不应因种族、宗教、性别或民族起源而被剥夺担任陪审员的权利;被告有权获得同侪的审判;陪审团的裁决应反映社区的良知，而不仅仅是法律条文，陪审团也被认为是直接民主而非代议制民主的最佳现存范例。在直接民主中，公民轮流治理自己，而不是选举代表来为他们治理。
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws.
然而，直到1968年，陪审团遴选程序仍与这些民主理想相悖。例如，在某些州，陪审团职责仅限于那些被认为具有优越智力、教育和道德品质的人。尽管美国最高法院早在1880年的“斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚州案”案中就禁止了在陪审团遴选中故意的种族歧视，但选择所谓的精英陪审团或蓝丝带陪审团的做法，为规避这一以及其他反歧视法提供了便利途径。
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
该制度在20世纪中期之前也未能定期将女性纳入陪审团。虽然犹他州的女性早在1898年就首次在州级陪审团中任职，但直到20世纪40年代，大多数州才使女性有资格担任陪审员。即使如此，许多州仍自动免除女性的陪审团义务，除非她们亲自要求将名字列入陪审团名单。这一做法被解释为女性需要在家履行职责，从而使陪审团在20世纪60年代仍不具代表性。
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选与服务法》，开启了陪审团民主改革的新时代。该法废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，并要求从整个社区的代表性横截面中随机选取陪审员。在1975年的里程碑式判决“泰勒诉路易斯安那州案”案中，美国最高法院将陪审团必须代表社区各部分的要求扩展至州级层面。泰勒案还裁定性别歧视在陪审团遴选中是违宪的，并命令各州采用相同的程序来选拔男性和女性陪审员。
1.From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that （ ）
A.both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries
B.defendants are immune from trial by their peers
C.no age limit should be imposed for jury service
D.judgment should consider the opinion of the public
2.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed（ ）
A.the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
B.the prevalent discrimination against certain races
C.the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
D.the arrogance common among the Supreme Court Judges
3. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because （ ）
A.they were automatically banned by state laws
B.they fell far short of the required qualifications
C.they were supposed to perform domestic duties
D.they tended to evade public engagement
4.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed （ ）
A.sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
B.educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
C.jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
D.states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
5. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on （ ）
A.its nature and problems
B.its characteristics and tradition
C.its problems and their solutions
D.its tradition and development
考点词和同义替换AB句积累：
judgment should consider the opinion of the public | ...verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law | |
theinadequacy of antidiscrimination laws | …the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws | |
they were supposed to perform domestic duties | This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home... | |
educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors | his law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community | |
its tradition and development |
人物名称翻译积累：
| Strauder | |
| Taylor | 泰勒 |
