11.
Fossils provide invaluable evidence of evolutionary history, documenting species that lived millions of years ago. Paleontologists examine these remains to understand how organisms have changed over time. Natural selection expl_ _ _ _(8) how advant_ _ _ _ _ _(12) traits incr_ _ _ _(8) in freq_ _ _ _ _(9) in a popul_ _ _ _ _(10). Species ad_ _ _(5) to th_ _ _(5) environments, wh_ _ _(5) leads t_(2) incredible dive_ _ _ _ _(9) observed in the biological world today through the mechanism of natural selection. The ongoing study of evolution continues to reveal how life on Earth has developed and diversified.
12.
Mass extinctions have periodically reshaped the diversity of life on Earth, representing significant biological and ecological shifts. The most famous event, the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, occurred approximately 66 million years ago and led to the demise of the dinosaurs. Large-scalelos_ _ _(6) of spe_ _ _ _(7) are of_ _ _(5) caused b_(2) catastrophic eve_ _ _（5） such a_（2） volcanic erup_ _ _ _ _（9）, asteroid imp_ _ _ _(7), and cli_ _ _ _(7) change. T_ _(3) resulting damage to biodiversity disrupts ecosystems and alters evolutionary trajectories. Studying past extinctions provides insights into the resilience and adaptability of life, helping scientists predict and mitigate future biodiversity loss.
13.
Grasshoppers are insects commonly found in dry places with grass and plants. Grasshoppers ha_ _(4) several wa_ _(4) they pro_ _ _ _(7) themselves aga_ _ _ _(7) danger. Th_ _(4) have powe_ _ _ _(8) back le_ _(4), which al_ _ _(5) them t_(2) jump aw_ _(4) from enemies, such as rodents and snakes. Some grasshoppers can jump twenty times the length of their bodies. By the time they are adults, grasshoppers can also fly. Adult grasshoppers fly very quickly and this helps them avoid danger.
14.
The unusual properties of spider silk—a remarkable combination of strength and elasticity—have long attracted the attention of many. Spidersi_ _(4) has a brea_ _ _ _(8) point f_ _(3) greater th_ _(4) steel a_ _(3) may str_ _ _ _(7) its fu_ _(4) length bef_ _ _(6) breaking: a 0.01 centi_ _ _ _ _(5) thread c_ _(3) support eighty grams. Spider silk is also very durable, a feature well illustrated by the persistence of cobwebs. Throughout history, humans have adapted spider silk for many purposes. For a long period, thick webs were used in Europe as bandages.
进化机制：Natural selection（自然选择）, advantageous traits（有利特质）, adaptation（适应性）。 灭绝与灾害：Mass extinction（大规模灭绝）, volcanic eruption（火山爆发）, asteroid impact（小行星撞击）。 动物习性：Protective mechanism（防御机制）, evolutionary trajectories（演化轨迹）。
explains /ɪkˈspleɪnz/ v. 解释（8个字母，主语是 Natural selection，必须用三单形式） advantageous /ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs/ adj. 有利的（拼写重点在中间的 e 和结尾的 -ous） frequency /ˈfriːkwənsi/ n. 频率（注意 -quency 的拼写）
species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ n. 物种（单复数同形，7个字母，结尾一定要有 s） eruptions /ɪˈrʌpʃnz/ n. 爆发（9个字母，文中是复数形式） losses 指“大量损失” asteroid impacts 固定搭配
protect /prəˈtekt/ v. 保护（7个字母，文中是 they protect themselves） stretch /stretʃ/ v. 伸展（7个字母，注意 tch 的拼写组合） against /əˈɡenst/ prep. 针对/对抗（7个字母，注意中间是 ai 而非 a）
0.01 meter (5个字母) = 1 centimeter； breaking point 固定搭配
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