真题精读|高考英语阅读 C/D 篇精讲第 2期

2014年高考英语全国卷（新课标I卷）D篇

原文全文

DIn the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.

“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”

Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.

“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.

Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.

What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?

“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”

逐句精讲（成分分析 + 词汇拓展）

第一段

In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.

• 核心词汇：
• document /ˈdɒkjumənt/v. 记录；记载（名词形式：document 文档）
• go extinct 灭绝
• citizen scientist 公民科学家（指非专业、自愿参与科研的普通人）
• 句子结构：In the race to... 作状语，主干为 researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records。
• 译文：在物种灭绝前记录它们的竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。
• Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.
• 核心词汇：
• biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/n. 生物多样性；词根 bio-（生命）+ diversity（多样性）
• in the form of 以…… 的形式
• 句子结构：主谓表结构，in the form of... 表示 “以…… 形式”。
• 译文：如今，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式存在。
• Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
• 核心词汇：
• detect /dɪˈtekt/v. 发现；察觉；名词形式 detection
• shift /ʃɪft/n. 变化；转变
• 句子结构：Though 引导让步状语从句，主干为 a new Stanford study has found that...，that 引导宾语从句。
• 译文：尽管这些记录有助于发现某一地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这类记录并不完美。

第二段

“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.

• 核心词汇：
• with the rise of 随着…… 的兴起
• with the aid of 在…… 的帮助下
• lead author 第一作者
• assistant professor 助理教授
• 句子结构：直接引语为 it is easy for sb. to do sth. 句型；who 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 Barnabas Daru。
• 译文：该研究的第一作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授 Barnabas Daru 表示：“随着技术的兴起，人们借助手机应用就能轻松观察不同物种。”
• “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
• 核心词汇：
• outnumber /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbə(r)/v. 数量超过；前缀 out- 表示 “超过”
• primary data 原始数据
• investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/v. 调查；研究；名词形式 investigation
• respond to 对…… 作出反应
• 句子结构：并列句，由 and 连接；前半句中 that 引导定语从句修饰 primary data；后半句中 since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句。
• 译文：“这些观察记录的数量现在已经超过了来自实体标本的原始数据，而且我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，所以我想知道：这些数据是否可用？”

第三段

Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.

• 核心词汇：
• dataset /ˈdeɪtəset/n. 数据集
• represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/v. 代表；反映；名词形式 representation
• pattern /ˈpætn/n. 模式；规律
• 句子结构：Using... 为现在分词短语作状语，主干为 Daru and his team tested how well...，how well 引导宾语从句。
• 译文：Daru 和他的团队使用包含 19 亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据能在多大程度上反映真实的全球生物多样性模式。

第四段

“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.

• 核心词汇：
• sampling /ˈsɑːmplɪŋ/n. 抽样；取样；动词形式 sample
• likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/n. 可能性；形容词形式 likely
• 句子结构：直接引语中，主干为 We were interested in exploring the aspects of sampling；that 引导定语从句修饰 sampling；like... 是举例说明。
• 译文：Daru 说：“我们特别感兴趣的是探索抽样过程中容易导致数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能给开花的植物拍照，而不是它旁边的草。”

第五段

Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.

• 核心词汇：
• reveal /rɪˈviːl/v. 揭示；表明
• lead to 导致；带来
• coverage /ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/n. 覆盖范围；覆盖率
• 句子结构：主干为 Their study revealed that...，that 引导宾语从句。
• 译文：他们的研究表明，大量仅靠观察的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。
• Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.
• 核心词汇：
• biased /ˈbaɪəst/adj. 有偏见的；有偏差的
• favor /ˈfeɪvə(r)/v. 偏爱；偏向
• 句子结构：并列句，两个谓语动词 are biased 和 favor。
• 译文：此外，这些数据存在偏差，偏向特定的地区、时间段和物种。
• This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
• 核心词汇：
• make sense 合理；说得通
• encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/n. 遇见；遭遇
• 句子结构：because 引导原因状语从句；从句中 who 引导定语从句修饰 people；recording... 为现在分词短语作后置定语。
• 译文：这是合理的，因为通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录的是在附近地区与物种的相遇情况。
• These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
• 核心词汇：
• eye-catching /ˈaɪ kætʃɪŋ/adj. 引人注目的；吸睛的
• feature /ˈfiːtʃə(r)/n. 特征；特点
• 句子结构：主谓结构，with... 为后置定语修饰 species。
• 译文：这些数据也偏向那些外形有吸引力或引人注目的物种。

第六段

What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?

• 句子结构：特殊疑问句。
• 译文：面对这些不完美的生物多样性数据集，我们能做些什么？

第七段

“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.”

• 核心词汇：
• inform sb. of sth. 告知某人某事
• oversampled /ˌəʊvəˈsɑːmpld/adj. 过度抽样的；前缀 over- 表示 “过度”
• well-sampled 抽样充分的
• 句子结构：直接引语中，主干为 Biodiversity apps can use our study results to...；that 引导定语从句修饰 places — and even species。
• 译文：Daru 解释说：“有很多办法。生物多样性应用可以利用我们的研究结果，告知用户哪些地区是过度抽样的，并引导他们去那些抽样不足的地方 —— 甚至去观察抽样不足的物种。”
• To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.
• 核心词汇：
• confirm /kənˈfɜːm/v. 确认；核实
• identification /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 识别；鉴定；动词形式 identify
• upload /ˌʌpˈləʊd/v. 上传；前缀 up- 表示 “向上”
• 句子结构：To improve... 为目的状语；主干为 biodiversity apps can also encourage users to...；have sb. do sth. 表示 “让某人做某事”。
• 译文：为了提高观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用还可以鼓励用户请专家确认他们上传图片中的物种识别结果。

题目解析

32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?

A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.

答案：B

• 解析：
1. 定位原文：Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.
2. 核心信息：现在大多数生物多样性记录以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式存在，也就是电子形式。
3. 选项匹配：B 选项 They are mostly in electronic form 与原文信息完全一致。
4. 排除其他选项：A “它们正在过时”、C “数量有限”、D “用于公开展览” 原文均未提及。

33. What does Daru’s study focus on?

A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.

答案：C

• 解析：
1. 定位原文：since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 以及后文对抽样偏差的研究。
2. 核心信息：Daru 的研究核心是探究公民科学家收集的 ** 观察数据（observational data）** 的可用性、偏差问题。
3. 选项匹配：C 选项 Observational data 是研究的核心对象。
4. 排除其他选项：A “受威胁物种”、B “实体标本”、D “手机应用” 均不是研究的核心焦点，只是研究涉及的背景或工具。

34. What has led to the biases according to the study?

A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.

答案：C

• 解析：
1. 定位原文：We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it
2. 核心信息：研究指出，** 抽样方式（sampling）** 本身存在问题，比如人们更愿意拍显眼的开花植物，而非普通的草，这种不恰当的抽样方式导致了数据偏差。
3. 选项匹配：C 选项 Improper way of sampling（不恰当的抽样方式）是导致偏差的原因。
4. 排除其他选项：A “数据分析中的错误”、B “上传图片质量差”、D “不可靠的数据收集设备” 原文均未提及。

35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?

A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.

答案：D

• 解析：
1. 定位原文：Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.
2. 核心信息：Daru 建议应用要引导用户（公民科学家）去抽样不足的地区 / 物种，还鼓励用户请专家确认识别结果，本质上是给公民科学家提供指导。
3. 选项匹配：D 选项 Give guidance to citizen scientists（给公民科学家提供指导）符合原文建议。
4. 排除其他选项：A “审查特定地区的数据” 原文未提及；B “雇佣专家检查记录” 错误，原文是鼓励用户请专家确认，不是应用雇佣专家；C “确认用户身份” 原文未提及。

本篇阅读高频单词 & 短语 默写表（可直接打印）

英汉默写版（遮住中文默写英文）

汉英默写版（遮住英文默写单词）

阅读自测：

In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists 1 (collect) billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for 2 (detect) shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.

“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make 3 (observe) of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, 4 is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that 5 (come) from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data 6 (investigate) how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”

7 (use) a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity 8 (pattern).

“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater 9 (likely) of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.

Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global 10 (cover). Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists 11 (record) their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with 12 (attract) or eye-catching features.

What can we do with the 13 (perfect) datasets of biodiversity?

“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of 14 (oversample) areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the 15 (identify) of their uploaded image.”

参考答案

1.have collected

2.detecting

3.observations

4.who

5.come

6.to investigate

7.Using

8.patterns

9.likelihood

10.coverage

11.recording

12.attractive

13.imperfect

14.oversampled

15.identification