代词（pronoun）
一、定义：代替名词或起名词作用的短语/句子。数量有限，但使用广泛。例如
Don' t look at Linda，she is too shy.（she代替名词Linda）
Don’t pick that flower ，it is so beautiful （it代替名词flower）
二、种类：英语中的代词一般可分为九大类，
①人称代词（Personal Pronoun） I you, he, she. it, we, you, they
②物主代词（Possessive Pronouns）
形容词性：myour your his her its your Their； 名词性：mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
③反身代词（Reflexive Pronouns）myself himself等（初中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
④指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）目前记住4个this that these those
⑤不定代词（definite Pronouns）some somebody someone something everything everyone everybody anything anyone nothing none=no one，another other few little any, anything, any body等比较多
⑥疑问代词（ interrogative Pronouns））what who，whom；whose，which，
⑦相互代词（ Reciprocal Pronouns）：each other，one another
⑧关系代词（ Relative Pronouns）who, whom, whose, which. That等，见于定语从句中
⑨连接代词（ Conjunctive Pronouns））who，whom， whose，which，what
注：八和九涉及较高层次语法重点，暂略
一、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
人称代词用来指代名词（人/事物），表示“我（们）你（们）它（们）”这六种意思的词。
如：Lucy 女性名字（属于名词），可用She（代词）来替代，我们把Lucy叫名词，She规定为代词。
人称代词有数（单数复数）和格（主格宾格）的变化。
有人称，数（单数复数），和格（主格宾格）的变化
代词 | 单复数 | 人称代词 | 物主代词 | 反身代词 | ||
主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性 | 名词性 | |||
第一人称 | 单数 | I我 | me我 | my我的 | mine我的 | myself我自己 |
复数 | We我们 | us我们 | our我们的 | ours我们的 | ourselves我们自己 | |
第二人称 | 单数 | You你 | you你 | Your你的 | yours你的 | yourself你自己 |
复数 | You你们 | you你们 | Your你们的 | yours你们的 | yourselves你们自己 | |
第三人称 | 单数 | He/She/It他她它 | him/her/it他她它 | his/her/its 他她它的 | his/hers/its 他她它的 | himself/herself/itself |
复数 | They 他们 | them 他们 | their 他们的 | theirs 他们的 | themselves他们自己 |
人称代词三个知识点：
1.人称要清楚（第一二三人称，尤其是单三）；2.数（单复数）；3.格（主格宾格）
核心考点：人称代词有主格宾格之分（主语和宾语跟汉语主语宾语一致），主格就是做主语的时候使用，
如：I/we/they like playing tennis （I/we/they做主语）
人称代词主格和be动词的搭配：I用am，you用are，is跟着他he她she它it，单数is，复数are。
宾格就是用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语宾语的时候用。
如：She teaches you/me/us English this summer （you 做teach的宾语）
人称代词需要注意：（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
1.三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you二→he三→I一人称”的顺序表达。
如：Both he and I are working hard –Who will go there?–You and me.(你和我)
2.人称代词it用法很多，可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。
如： --What’s the weather like today? —It’s fine. --What’s the time?(几点啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12点) /
It is +adj+to do sth It is very easy to get there
It takes Sb some time to do sth It takes him three days to clean his house.
英汉当中人称代词的不同：
汉语当中人称代词只有一个，没有所谓的主格宾格的区分，如：用来表示自己时，用“我”这个字，英语的“我”是有两个单词：“I和me”所以我们就规定这两个当中的“I”为人称代词主格（做主语用）、“me”为人称代词宾格（作宾语用），其他的代词同理。
人称代词用在不同的位置就必须用它不同的形式。做主语，就在主格里面找做宾语的就在宾格里面找。
简单粗暴的用法：动词前面用主格，动词和介词后面用宾格
二、物主代词：说明事物（一个东西）所属关系的代词,指表示“某物归属于谁谁所有”的这些词（所属关系），翻译时会有一个“的”字，如：“我（们）的，你（们）的，它他她（们）的”。
物主代词物主两个字意思就是物品的主人，物品所属于谁“谁的 谁谁的”我的、你的、它的。
分类：形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词。
形容词性物主代词：相当于一个形容词起限定作用后面必须跟名词来共同组成一个成份。
名词性物主代词：相当于一个名词可以自己独立的做一种成分，后边不可再跟名词
英汉当中物主代词的不同：
汉语当中物主代词只有一个，没有所谓的形容词/名词性物主代词的区分，如：用来表示自己的时，用“我的”来记录；英语的“我的”是有两个单词：“my和mine”所以我们就规定这两个当中的“my”为形容词性物主代词（后面必须跟一个名词）；“mine”为名词性物主代词（后面不能再跟名词），其他的物主代词同理。
物主代词需要注意:
1、形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作句子中名词的修饰语,所以后面必须要跟名词。如：
Is that your book? My name is Lucy They are their books.
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,后面不可跟名词，一般会有上下文语境，如：
This is your cup,but where ismine==my cup?
Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.
总结：名词性物主代词==（该名物代的）形容词性物主代词+名词
This is my book=the book is mine.
三、指示代词：指示说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物。
目前学了四个指示代词：this that these those，还有such ，same等
This（单数）these（复数）指时间和空间离说话人较近的人或物，可以与 here 连用
That（单数）those（复数）指时间和空间离说话人较远的人或物，可以与 there 连用
指示代词用法：
(1)this、 that、 these、 those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如：1.That is our English teacher. (主语) 2.This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)
注意：(1)打电话或其他场合，本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。
注意：this week和that week等在时态中的运用。
练习：用提示或单词正确形式填空。
1.-May I use _______(你的) pen? -I'm sorry. __________(我的) is not here.
2. Look! The cat is washing __________(它的) face.
3. ____________（他）often helps ____________（我们）with our lessons.
4. ____________（我）want to go with ____________（他们）．
5. Could __________（你）tell ________（我）how to get to the nearest hotel?
6. Let ____________（我）help __________（他们）．
7. It's time for ________（她）to go home.
8. This isn't my book. ___________(我的) is in the bag.
9.Don’t forget___________（我们）.
10 .___________(我们)would like to buy___________ (它们).
11. -Who is it in this picture? -It’s ____________(我).
12.__________（他们）are friendly to_________（你们）.
13._________（他）does__________(他的)homework on Sunday.
14. Hello, may ________ (我) speak to Jack?
15.My bag is small. Can I use ___________ (你的)?
16. That is___________(他们的) new house.
17. My ruler is long. ____________ ( 她的 ) is short.
18. __________(他的) teacher is good. ___________(她的)is good, too.
19. Mr. Green often tells ___________(我们) some stories.
20. This isn't her bag. __________ ( 她的 ) is green.
找出句子中的错误并改为相应形式，写在横线上。
1．Can us play basketball with you? ____________
2．They bring gifts for he. __________________
3．Do you want to go to Xi’an with I? ____________
4．Please pick up it. It makes the street dirty. ________
5．Tom often plays basketball with he. ____________
6．Why don't you take a picture of I? ____________
7. We usually have dinner with they. ____________
8．This is my aunt. She eyes are blue. ____________
9．He hair is short. _________________
10．This is I new friend. ________________
四、反身代词：用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系。作表语宾语和同位语
反身代词首先它是代词，代词里专门指””谁谁谁自己/谁谁谁本身”。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上保持一致。（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
My-myself我自己 we--ourselves我们自己 you-yourself（yourselves） itself等等
反身代词作用：
1.反身代词在句子中作宾语表示一个动作回到该动作执行者本身。如：
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.
2.在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：
The story itself is good.故事本身是好的
1. 固定搭配（90% 考这个）
enjoy oneself 玩得开心help oneself to随便吃/用teach oneself自学hurt oneself伤到自己by oneself 独自/亲自
2. 主语和反身代词必须一致：例：He hurt himself. 例：They enjoyed themselves.
3. 单复数判断：对一个人说 → yourself对多个人说 → yourselves
4. 作宾语：动作回到主语身上 teach /hurt/enjoy /help + 反身代词
5. 作同位语：强调 “亲自、本人” I myself did it. 我亲自做的。
用适当反身代词填空
1.The girl taught _________ French. (she)
2.Help _______ to some cakes, kids. (you)
3.I can finish the work by _______. (I)
4.They enjoyed _______ at the party. (they)
5.He hurt _______ when playing basketball. (he)
6.Help _________ to some fish, sir. (you)
7.The cat washed _________ after a meal. (it)
8.We can do it by _________. (we)
五、不定代词（初二上册单元1）：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
一、概念
不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns): 不指明代替任何特定名次或形容词的代词叫不定代词。
分类：不定代词分为：复合不定代词和不定代词
复合不定代词：
是指由:some、any、every、no + thing/body/one 构成，一共有12个
复合不定代词3个考点:
1:复合不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用单三形式（+s）
2：肯定句中常用含some的不定代词，否定句和疑问句中常用含any的不定代词。
注：当希望得到对方的肯定回答时，some可用在表示请求要求的疑问句中
如：would you please give me another cake？
3：当有定语（初中阶段多为形容词）修饰复合不定代词时，定语成分要后置（形容词需放在不定代词后）
小总结：复合不定代词：由any一些,任何/some一些/every每个,所有的/no无 +thing body one 构成
1.复合不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数（如一般现在时时，谓语动词+s）
2.不定代词若有定语（初二多见于形容词作定语修饰不定代词）修饰时，定语需放在不定代词的后面
3.some 用在肯定句中，any用于否定句和一般疑问句中，但有一个例外（some可用于疑问句中）
当表示邀请请求，需要得到对方肯定回答时some 可用于疑问句中，如：
Would you like something to drink？你想要喝点什么吗？本句话表示希望对方喝点东西，所以可以用some
复合不定副词：
是指由some、any、every、no + where 构成，一共有4个，这4个复合不定副词有以上考点2和3
不定代词用法及区别如下：
1. some/anysome（一些,某）一般用于肯定句中.any（一些,任何）多用于疑问句和否定句
习题： There are trees in front of the house.Do you haveproblems?
2.many/much
many 后跟可数名词的复数形式。 much 后跟不可数名词。
常见考试时候会和too搭配：
如：too many/too much 这两个短语的区别也是many和much的区别，too是一个程度副词起修饰作用，重点单词还是many和much。
如：常见的还有too much和much too的辨析，同理重点单词还是看后面 too much重点单词为much后跟不可数名词，much too重点单词为too，它是一个程度副词后面需要跟adj/adv
习题：there is rain these days。There are students here。 Mr.Li is fat
3.Both/all的区别
Both用于两者之间“两者都”，both常和and连用，做主语时谓语动词用复数
all用于三者及三者以上“所有人”all作主语时，谓语动词单复数由all后所跟名词单复数决定
习题用（be动词）填空：
1.both you and I interested in the story 2.both the students working hard
3.all the water used out 4.all the apples red
4.another/other （初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
（1）another区别 泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个，I don’t want this book. Please show me another.
（2）one ...the other
1). 特指两个中的另一个 They have two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
2). 修饰名词，特指（两者间）另一个、另一些Jim likes swimming, and the other boys like swimming, too.
（3）others 泛指其他的人或物 He often helps others. Some are singing, others are dancing.
（4）the others 特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物
There are 45 students in our class. 25 are girls, the others are boys.
5.few, a few, little, a little
几乎没有，强调“无”否定 | 有一点，强调“有”肯定 | |
修饰不可数名词 | little | a little |
修饰可数名词 | few | a few |
如：She knows little English. There is a little milk in the bottle
few和little与quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a
There are quite a few books in the library.图书馆里有很多书。
6.every/each
every＋单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调整体,只作定语,形式上为单数. Every child likes playing football.
each 表示“每一个”,强调个体,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of 连用
Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice cap.
7.all / none
all表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时,一般放在连系动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前
We are all from China. They all like English.
none“没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of（谓语动词单、复数均可）
None of them is/are afraid of dogs.
8.both, either, neither（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
both“（两者）都”,作主语时视为复数；作定语时后跟名词复数
His parents are both teachers=Both of his parents are teachers.
either （两者之中）任一、任何一个”作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数形式
Either of the games is popular with the kids. （主语）两个游戏随便哪一个都受到孩子们的欢迎。
We can park on either side of the road here. （定语）在这里马路的哪边都可以停车。
neither“(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数
Neither answer is right.
常见不定代词短语
1.both of/either of/neither of
Both of them sing well.他们俩都唱得很好。
Either of you goes to the movies.你们俩随便谁去看电影都可以。
Neither of them stopped to have a rest.他们俩谁都不停下来休息。
2.Both...and 谓语动词用复数形式 Both Tom and Lucy are in Grade 8. Tom 和 Lucy 都在八年级。
3.either…or/neither...nor 谓语动词遵循就近一致原则
Either my father or my mother cooks at home.或者我爸爸或者我妈妈在家做饭。
Neither he nor I am free today. 我和他今天都没空。
单项选择题：
1. of his parents have been to America.A. All B. BothC. Every D. Either
2. Tom, here are 2 seats, you can sit on .A. both B. either C. all D. every
3.-I was so excited that I can`t say.A. nothing B. anythingC. something D. everything
4.-Would you like some juice or coffee?- ____ , I`d like some tea.
A. Both B. None C. Neither D. Either
5. He hasto eat. Please give him .
A.something, anything B. nothing, somethingC. nothing, everything D. anything, nothing
6. –Is there in the bag？– No, there is in it, It’s empty.
A.something; nothing B. nothing; something C. anything; nothing D. nothing; anything
7.ofthemhas money,soIhave to ask a third friend for help.A. Neither B. Either C. Both D. No
So/neither+倒装句结构（初二下册）：
倒装句结构是指“so/neither +be/助动词/情态动词+主语”
当表达某人“有和前面一样的情况时”用“so+情系助+主语”倒装句结构
1.so：前面句子是肯定句,指前面所说的肯定情况适用于其他人或物：如：I can speak English. So can he.
2.结构为:so+be/助动词/情态动词＋主语. 如：You say he works hard; So he does, and so do you.
当表达某人“有和前面不一样的情况时”用“neither++情系助+主语”倒装句结构
1.neither：前面句子是否定句,指前面所说的情况不适用其他人或物. 如：I don't know him Neither does she.
2.结构为:neither+be/助动词/情态动词＋主语. 如：The boy was not in the room. Neither was his father
习题：1.He can ride a bike, so I. 2. She has been to New York .So I.
3. Tom doesn’t like bananas. Neither his wife. 4. If you won’t go, neither I.
5. He is a teacher and so his wife.
六、疑问代词用来提问题的代词称为疑问代词。what who whom whose which等
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever用于特殊疑问句中,放在句首。
如：What is your name？ Who can help me？ Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?
What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么？)
2、what可以与名词构成疑问短语。（初高中英语李老师：15191416900 （同微）
如：what time do you get up？ What colour are their hats?
3、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代或修饰的名词的单复数而决定单复数,但通常用单数；
如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里？) / What is that? (那是什么？)
What are those? (那些是什么？) / What colors do they have?(它们有哪些颜色？
七、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。Each other和one another互相”,可以通用。
each other表示两者之间的相互之间，one anther表示三者以上的许多人之间。
如：We must help each other when we are in trouble.
They sat there talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿交谈。)
单项选择（中考难题）
1.The weather in Ankang is hotter than ______ in Xi'an in summer.A. it B. that C. those D. one
2.The two sisters are so nice. ______ of them are friendly to us.A. All B. Both C. Neither D. Either
3.—Which shirt would you like, the blue one or the white one?—______ is OK. I really like both styles.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All
4.There is ______ wrong with my bike. It works well.A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
5.My brother is old enough to look after ______.A. he B. him C. himself D. his
6.This is not ____ iPad. ____ is at home.A. my; My B. mine; Mine C. my; Mine D. mine; My
7.______ is important for us ______ English well.
A. It; to learn B. That; to learnC. It; learning D. This; to learn
8.—Who helped you clean the room?—______. I did it all by myself.
A. Someone B. Anyone C. Nobody D. Everyone
9.I don’t like ______ of the bags. Please show me a third one.A. both B. either C. neither D. all
10.—Have you got ______ ready for the trip?—Yes. ______ is OK.
A. anything; SomethingB. everything; Everything
C. something; AnythingD. anything; Everything
11.She thought ______ useful to learn a second language.A. that B. it C. this D. /
12.Who taught you to cook?—______. I learned it by ______.
A. Anyone; me B. No one; myselfC. Someone; yourself D. Everyone; himself
13.We should be strict with ______ in our study.A. us B. ourselves C. our D. ours
