2022年考研英语一
Section I Use of English
第一部分 英语运用
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
说明:
阅读以下文本。为每个编号的空白处选择最佳单词,并在答题卡上标记A、B、C或D。(10分)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness意识 first took root深入人心 in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology神经生物学” was __1__ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be __2__ to intelligence智力 in animals. __3_ plants lack brains, the firing发射 of electrical signals信号 in their stems and leaves nonetheless尽管triggered触发responses反应 that __4__ consciousness, researchers previously先前 reported.
1. A. coined创造(或:铸币)
B. discovered发现
C. collected收集
D. issued发布
2. A. attributed归因于
B. directed有指导性的
C. compared比较
D. confined被限制的
3. A. Unless除非
B. When何时
C. Once一旦
D. Though尽管
4. A. coped with应对
B. consisted of由……组成
C. hinted at暗示
D. extended to扩展到
植物具有一定程度的意识这一观点最早在本世纪初出现;人们创造了“植物神经生物学”这一术语,其概念是将植物行为的某些方面与动物的智能进行比较。研究人员此前曾报道,尽管植物没有大脑,但茎叶中电信号的传递仍会引发暗示其具有意识的反应。
But such an idea is untrue不对的, according to a new opinion article文章. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it __5__ so greatly from that of animals that so-called __6__of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive不确定的, the authors wrote.
5. A. suffers遭受
B. benefits好处
C. develops发展
D. differs不同
6. A. acceptance接受
B. evidence证据
C. cultivation培养
D. creation创造
但一篇新的观点文章指出,这种想法并不正确。作者写道,植物生物学既复杂又迷人,但它与动物生物学差异巨大,因此所谓的植物智能证据尚无定论。
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have __7__ that plants possess拥有 neuron-like cells that interact with与……相互作用hormones激素 and neurotransmitters神经递质, __8__ “a plant nervous system神经系统, __9__ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They __10__ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root根茎tips尖端.”
7. A. doubted怀疑
B. denied否认
C. argued争论
D. requested要求
8. A. adapting适应
B. forming形成
C. repairing修复
D. testing测试
9. A. analogous类似的
B. essential基本的
C. suitable合适的
D. sensitive敏感的
10. A. just只是
B. ever曾经
C. still仍然
D. even甚至
自2006年起,一些科学家认为植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的神经元样细胞,形成了“类似于动物的植物神经系统”,该研究的主要作者林肯·泰兹(Lincoln Taiz)说,“他们甚至声称植物的根尖具有‘类似大脑的指挥中心’。”
This __11__ makes sense有道理 if you simplify简化 the workings of a complex brain, __12__ it to an array组 of electrical pulses脉冲; cells细胞 in plants also communicate传达 through electrical signals. __13__ , the signaling in a plant is only __14__ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of大量的 cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
11. A. restriction限制
B. experiment实验
C. perspective视角
D. demand需求
12. A. attaching附加
B. reducing减少
C. returning返回
D. exposing暴露
13. A. However然而
B. Moreover此外
C. Therefore因此
D. Otherwise否则
14. A. temporarily暂时地
B. literally实际上
C. superficially表面上
D. imaginarily想象中
如果你将复杂大脑的运作简化,将其归结为一系列电脉冲,那么这种观点就讲得通了;植物细胞也是通过电信号进行交流的。然而,泰兹(Taiz)表示,植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑中的神经元活动只是表面相似,后者远不止是“一群通过电信号进行交流的细胞”。
“For consciousness to evolve进化, a brain with a threshold阈值 __15__ of complexity and capacity能力 is required必需的,” he __16__ . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the __17__ that they have consciousness are effectively实际上 zero.”
15. A. list列表
B. level水平
C. label标签
D. local局部
16. A. recalled回忆
B. agreed同意
C. questioned质疑
D. added增加
17. A. chances机会
B. risks风险
C. excuses借口
D. assumptions假设
他补充道:“为了使意识进化,需要一个具有阈值复杂性和能力的大脑。”。“由于植物没有神经系统,它们有意识的可能性实际上为零。”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway到底? Plants can’t run away from逃离 __18__ , so investing投入 energy in a body system which __19__ a threat威胁 and can feel pain would be a very __20__ evolutionary进化的strategy策略, according to the article.
18. A. danger危险
B. failure失败
C. warning警告
D. control控制
19. A. represents代表
B. includes包括
C. reveals揭示
D. recognizes承认
20. A. humble谦逊的
B. poor贫穷的
C. practical实际的
D. easy容易的
意识有什么了不起的?根据这篇文章,植物无法逃避危险,因此将能量投资于一个能够识别威胁并感受疼痛的身体系统将是一种非常糟糕的进化策略。
【意识(如痛觉感知)在动物进化中具有明确的生存优势:
-威胁识别与规避:动物通过痛觉快速识别危险(如捕食者、伤害),触发逃跑或防御行为,提高生存概率。
-资源分配优化:痛觉促使个体优先修复受伤部位(如舔舐伤口),避免能量浪费于无效活动。
-社会协作基础:共情能力(源于意识)促进群体互助,增强物种整体适应性。
然而,植物因无法移动,进化出截然不同的策略。
植物虽无中枢神经系统,但通过以下方式应对威胁:
-化学防御:释放毒素(如芥末植物的难闻气味驱赶蜗牛)或挥发性物质吸引天敌攻击植食性昆虫。
-物理屏障:生成针刺、角质层或伪装(如眼镜蛇草拟态)以威慑捕食者。
-基因调控:快速调整基因表达,增强抗病性或修复损伤。
这些机制无需消耗能量维持复杂的神经系统,更适应静态生存。
动物的痛觉依赖大脑皮层:主观痛觉需高级神经整合,植物人因皮层损伤无法感知疼痛,仅保留低级反射
植物的信号传递类似但非痛觉:损伤时释放化学物质(如乙烯)触发修复,但无意识体验,属于“自动应激反应”。
-动物:依赖动态反应(运动+意识),代价是高能耗与复杂神经系统的脆弱性。
-植物:通过静态防御(化学/物理)和基因可塑性实现生存,适应性强但响应速度慢。
若植物进化出痛觉系统,其能量消耗与收益不成比例,反而不利于生存——无法逃跑的生物,感知痛觉是低效策略。】
阅读难度:11.8(高)【<9,适合基础薄弱的学生;9-11,适合有一定基础的学生;>11,适合基础不错的学生】
外刊原文:《脾气火爆的科学家:不要在植物身上浪费你的感情了,它们没有感觉》
来源:本文选自《生活科学》(Live Science)2019年7月10日刊
文章结构:
【段1】介绍“植物意识说”以及其背后的依据。
【段2】对“植物意识说”的初步反驳。
【段3-6】批判“植物意识说”背后的逻辑谬误,并从两个方面解释植物不具备意识的原因。
答案 | 1.A | 2.C | 3.D | 4.C | 5.D |
6.B | 7.C | 8.B | 9.A | 10.D | |
11.C | 12.B | 13.A | 14.C | 15.B | |
16.D | 17.A | 18.A | 19.D | 20.B |
Section II Reading Comprehension
第二部分 阅读理解
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
部分A
说明:
阅读以下四段文本。每段文本后附有相应问题,请选择A、B、C或D作答。答案请标注在答题卡上。(40分)
Text 1
文章一
People often complain that plastics are too durable耐久的. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack破裂 and frizzle卷曲. They “weep流出” out additives添加剂. They melt into sludge烂泥. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying令人混乱: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial人造的 heart.
人们常抱怨塑料太耐用。从珠穆朗玛峰到马里亚纳海沟,水瓶、购物袋和其他垃圾遍布全球,因为塑料无处不在,且不易分解。但有些塑料材料会随时间发生变化。它们会开裂、卷曲。它们会“渗出”添加剂。它们会融化成污泥。所有这些都给博物馆等机构在保存具有重要文化意义的物品时带来了巨大的困扰。面临风险的塑料物品种类繁多,令人眼花缭乱:早期的收音机、前卫的雕塑、迪士尼电影中的赛璐珞动画剧照、第一颗人造心脏。
Certain某个artifacts手工品 are especially vulnerable脆弱的 because some pioneers先锋 in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients原料properly正确地, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking烘焙 a cake: If you don’t have exact精确的 amounts, it goes wrong.” she says. “The object you make is already已经 a time bomb定时炸弹.”
某些文物特别容易受损,因为一些塑料艺术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确混合原料,聚合物化学家西娅·范·奥斯坦(Thea van Oosten)说,她曾在荷兰文化遗产局工作数十年,直到几年前退休。“这就像烤蛋糕:如果你没有精确的配料量,就会出错,”她说。“你制作的东西已经是一颗定时炸弹了。”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam泡沫pieces一部作品. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items物品as well as以及 a few dozen十来个 “nature carpets” — large rectangles长方形decorated with用……装饰 foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets地毯 — which meant they had to be durable耐用的.
有时,这并非艺术家的过错。20世纪60年代,意大利艺术家皮耶罗·吉拉尔迪开始创作数百件明亮多彩的泡沫作品。这些作品包括玫瑰花坛和其他物品,以及几十块“自然地毯”——用泡沫南瓜、卷心菜和西瓜装饰的大型长方形作品。他希望观众能在这些地毯上走动——这意味着它们必须结实耐用。
Unfortunately, the polyurethane聚氨酯 foam he used is inherently固有地 unstable. It’s especially vulnerable易受伤的 to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures塑像 were splitting分裂 and crumbling崩裂. Museums locked锁上 some of them away in the dark.
遗憾的是,他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定。它特别容易受到光线损伤,到20世纪90年代中期,吉拉尔迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他雕塑作品都开始开裂和碎裂。博物馆将其中一些作品锁在暗处保存。
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve保护 Gilardi’s sculptures雕塑. They infused灌输 some with stabilizing and consolidating巩固强度 chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens防晒霜” because their goal was to prevent further进一步 light damage and rebuild worn磨损的polymer聚合物fibers纤维. She is proud that several数个 sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit尽管 sometimes beneath在……下方 protective cases.
因此,范·奥斯坦(van Oosten)和她的同事们努力保护吉拉尔迪(Gilardi)的雕塑。他们为一些雕塑注入了具有稳定和加固作用的化学物质。范·奥斯坦称这些化学物质为“防晒霜”,因为它们的目标是防止进一步的光线损伤,并重建磨损的聚合物纤维。她感到自豪的是,有几件雕塑甚至再次展出,尽管有时会被放在保护罩下。
Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate恶化. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate分解, are increasingly common.
尽管有像范·奥斯坦这样的成功案例,但塑料的保存可能会越来越难。旧物件会持续恶化。更糟糕的是,旨在分解的可生物降解塑料越来越常见。
And more is at stake处于危险中 here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists考古学家 first defined定义 the great material ages of human history — Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on — after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
这里涉及的远不止单个物品。诺瓦科技学院保护与修复专业的助理教授若阿纳·利亚·费雷拉指出,考古学家在研究了博物馆中的文物后,首次定义了人类历史上的重要物质时代——石器时代、铁器时代等。她说,我们现在生活在一个塑料时代,“我们今天决定收集什么、决定保存什么……将对未来我们如何被看待产生深远影响。”
【考古学家通过博物馆中的器物(如石器、青铜器)定义了历史上的“材料时代”(如石器时代、铁器时代),而当前人类已进入“塑料时代”——塑料自20世纪40年代产量激增,其沉积层甚至成为地质学上“人类世”的标志性证据。
尽管塑料耐用,但其化学结构存在固有缺陷(如易老化、开裂),部分生物降解塑料甚至被设计为可分解,导致博物馆保存困难。例如,聚氨酯泡沫灯罩因粉化而无法修复的案例,凸显了塑料文物的脆弱性。科学家尝试通过化学稳定剂(如“防晒剂”)延缓降解,但技术仍不完善。
Joana Lia Ferreira指出,当前对塑料文物的收藏与保存决策将直接影响未来人类对“塑料时代”的认知。若无法妥善保存代表性塑料制品,未来考古学家可能仅通过环境中的微塑料污染(如海洋沉积物)来解读这一时代,而忽略其技术与社会价值。
塑料污染已形成生态危机:微塑料通过食物链进入人体,潜在健康风险未知;同时,塑料沉积层的地质记录可能成为未来研究“人类世”的核心证据。这进一步说明,塑料不仅是文化载体,更是环境危机的象征。
从石器到塑料,材料迭代推动文明演进,但塑料时代首次面临“材料繁荣与生态代价”的双重性。未来或需通过生物降解材料(如菌丝体包装)和循环经济模式,重新定义文明与材料的关系。
综上,塑料时代的保存难题不仅是技术问题,更关乎人类如何通过物质遗产向未来传递自身的历史叙事与生态责任。】
阅读难度:9.6(中)
外刊原文:《当塑料弥足珍贵之时》
来源:本文选自《科学》(Science)2021年7月2日刊
文章结构:
【段1】塑料文物岌岌可危。
【段2-4】举例分析塑料手工艺品不易保存的原因。
【段5】介绍范·奥斯坦等人保护塑料雕塑的成功案例。
【段6】指出塑料文物的保存仍具挑战性。
【段7】指出保护塑料文物的重大历史意义。
21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ____
A. maintaining their plastic items.
B. obtaining durable plastic artifacts.
C. handling outdated plastic exhibits.
D. classifying their plastic collections.
21. 根据第一段,博物馆在____方面面临困难
A. 维护他们的塑料制品。
B. 获得耐用的塑料制品。
C. 处理过期的塑料展品。
D. 对他们的塑料垃圾进行分类。
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ____
A. immune to decay.
B. improperly shaped.
C. inherently flawed.
D. complex in structure.
22. Van Oosten认为,某些塑料物品是____
A. 不易腐烂。
B. 形状不当。
C. 本身存在缺陷。
D. 结构复杂。
23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to ____
A. keep them from hurting visitors.
B. duplicate them for future display.
C. have their ingredients analyzed.
D. prevent them from further damage.
23. 博物馆停止展出吉拉尔迪的部分艺术品,以____
A. 防止它们伤害游客。
B. 复制它们以备将来展示。
C. 对其成分进行分析。
D. 防止它们受到进一步损害。
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is ____
A. costly.
B. unworthy.
C. unpopular.
D. challenging.
24. 作者认为塑料的保存是____
A. 昂贵。
B. 不配。
C. 不受欢迎的。
D. 具有挑战性。
25. In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts ____
A. will inspire future scientific research.
B. has profound historical significance.
C. will help us separate the material ages.
D. has an impact on today’s cultural life.
25. 在费雷拉看来,塑料制品的保存____
A. 将激励未来的科学研究。
B. 具有深远的历史意义。
C. 将帮助我们区分不同的材料年代。
D. 对当今的文化生活产生了影响。
答案 | 21.A | 22.C | 23.D | 24.D | 25.B |
Text 2
文章二
As the latest crop一批、农作物 of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh衡量 up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose目的 and value价值 of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.
随着最新一批学生填写本科申请表并权衡他们的选择,我们或许有必要思考学位的意义、目的和价值发生了怎样的变化,以及Z世代在开启其教育旅程的第三阶段时需要考虑哪些因素。
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise承诺 has been found wanting. As degrees became universal宇宙的、普通的, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure安心的route路线 of social mobility.灵活性 Today, 28 percent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
千禧一代曾被告知,只要在学校表现良好,获得一个体面的学位,人生就有望得到保障。但这一承诺已被证明并不靠谱。随着学位的普及,其价值也大打折扣。教育不再是社会流动的可靠途径。如今,英国有28%的毕业生从事非学位相关工作,这一比例是经合组织国家平均水平的两倍。
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather更应当 stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch鞭打、转变 from classroom to lecture讲授 hall is not an inevitable必然的 one and that other options are available.
这并不是说获得学位毫无意义,而是强调学位并非适合每个人,从教室到讲堂的转变并非必然,还有其他选择。
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial一千年的predecessors前辈, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers雇主 have long seen the advantages of hiring雇佣 school leavers who often prove证明 themselves to be more committed敬业的 and loyal忠诚的 employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping小片、废料 a degree requirement for certain确定的 roles.
值得庆幸的是,有迹象表明这一转变已在发生,Z世代正寻求向他们的千禧一代前辈学习,尽管父母和老师往往仍固守学位至上的观念。雇主们长期以来认为,雇佣中学毕业生(而非大学生)具有优势,因为他们通常表现出比大学毕业生更高的敬业度和忠诚度。许多人还看到了取消某些职位的学位要求的优势。
For those for whom a degree is the desired要求、想要 route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists知识渊博者, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates研究生 now earn获得 40 percent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
对于那些渴望获得学位的人来说,要考虑到这很可能只是众多学位中的第一个。在这个通才辈出的时代,拥有特定的知识或技能是值得的。如今,研究生的收入比本科生高出40%。当我们中越来越多的人拥有学位时,拥有两个学位就变得合情合理了。
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21: they will need to be constantly恒定的 upskilling throughout自始至终 their career to stay employable. It has been estimated估计 that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfillment履行、达到 and desire for diversity不同、繁多 will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained获得 on campus, will be a core中心 part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.
Z世代不太可能在18岁或21岁就完成学业:他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断提升技能,以保持就业竞争力。据估计,由于技术压力、个人成就感的追求以及对多样性的渴望,这一代人在职业生涯中会为17位不同的雇主工作,并从事五种不同的职业。教育,而不仅仅是校园里获得的知识,将成为Z世代职业轨迹的核心部分。
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘I am a geographer’ or ‘I am a classist’. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
老一辈人经常用现在时和第一人称来谈论他们的学位:“我是地理学家”或“我是阶级主义者”。他们的子女却绝不会这么说;仿佛他们已经明白,学位并不能以同样的方式定义自己。
阅读难度:10.4(中)
外刊原文:《不要抱着你的UCAS申请表不放——一个学位不能定义Z世代》
来源:本文选自《每日电讯报》(The Telegraph)2020年12月18日刊
文章结构:
【段1】引出两大问题——大学学位的意义、目的和价值发生了何种变化;Z世代应如何应对。
【段2】回应第一个问题——大学学位开始贬值,已不能成为体面生活和阶级流动的可靠途径。
【段3-5】回应第二个问题并提出两条建议——优先考虑就业;本科毕业后继续深造。
【段6-7】总结全文,升华主题——指出Z世代必须保持终身学习;点明大学学位已不能定义Z世代。
26. the author suggests that Generation Z should ____
A. be careful in choosing a college.
B. be diligent at each educational stage.
C. reassess the necessity of college education.
D. postpone their undergraduate application.
26. 作者建议Z世代应该____
A. 选择大学时要小心谨慎。
B. 在每个教育阶段都要勤奋。
C. 重新评估大学教育的必要性。
D. 推迟他们的本科申请。
27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect ____
A. Millennial’s opinions about work.
B. the shrinking value of a degree.
C. public discontent with education.
D. the desired route of social mobility.
27. 英国毕业生从事非研究生职位的比例反映了____
A. 千禧一代对工作的看法。
B. 学位价值的缩水。
C. 公众对教育的不满。
D. 理想的社会流动路径。
28. The author considers it a good sign that ____
A. Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.
B. school leavers are willing to be skilled workers.
C. employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees.
D. parents are changing their minds about education.
28. 作者认为____是一个好兆头
A. Z世代正在努力争取获得一个体面的学位。
B. 离校生愿意成为技术工人。
C. 雇主们对学位持现实态度。
D. 家长们对教育的观念正在发生变化。
29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ____
A. make an early decision on their career.
B. attend on the job training programs.
C. team up with high-paid postgraduates.
D. further their studies in a specific field.
29. 第5段建议,拥有一级学位的人应该____
A. 尽早对自己的职业生涯做出决定。
B. 参加在职培训项目。
C. 与高薪研究生结成团队。
D. 在特定领域继续深造。
30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
A. Lifelong learning will define them.
B. They will make qualified educators.
C. Degrees will no longer appeal them.
D. They will have a limited choice of jobs.
30. 根据最后两段内容,关于Z世代可以得出什么结论?
A. 终身学习将成为他们的标志。
B. 他们将成为合格的教育工作者。
C. 学位将不再吸引他们。
D. 他们的工作选择有限。
答案 | 26.C | 27.B | 28.C | 29.D | 30.A |
Text 3
文章三
Enlightening有启迪的, challenging, stimulating振奋人心, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe描述 their experience of art-science collaborations合作 in a series of一系列 articles on partnerships合作关系 between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly大约 350 people who responded回应 to an accompanying附随的poll调查 said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
启发性、挑战性、刺激性、趣味性。这些是《自然》杂志读者在一系列关于艺术家与研究者合作的文章中,用来描述他们艺术与科学合作体验的词汇。在参与随文调查的约350人中,近40%的人表示他们曾与艺术家合作过;几乎所有人都表示他们将来会考虑这样做。
Such an encouraging鼓舞人心 result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out寻找visual视觉的 artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences观众. “Artists help scientists reach a broader广泛的 audience and make emotional connections that enhance促进 learning.” One respondent受访者 said.
这样一个鼓舞人心的结果并不令人惊讶。科学家们越来越多地寻求视觉艺术家的帮助,以便向新的受众群体传达他们的研究成果。“艺术家帮助科学家们接触到更广泛的受众群体,并建立情感联系,从而增强学习效果。”一位受访者表示。
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses感官 came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked改编的version版本 of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined重新构想 the 300-year-old score音乐总谱 by injecting添加 the latest climate气候prediction预测data数据 for each season — provided提供 by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
艺术家与科学家携手震撼感官的一个例子发生在上个月,当时悉尼交响乐团演奏了安东尼奥·维瓦尔第《四季》的改编版。他们通过为每个季节注入由莫纳什大学气候变化传播研究中心提供的最新气候预测数据,重新构想了这部有300年历史的乐谱。这场演出是在11月英国格拉斯哥联合国气候变化大会之前的一次创造性行动号召。
But a genuine真正的partnership合作关系 must be a two-way双向的 street. Fewer artist than scientists responded回应 to the Nature poll; however, several respondents受访者noted指出 that artists do not simply assist协助 scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be被considered认为 only as是 an object对象 of study. The alliances联盟 are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake利益 in a project, are able to jointly共同地 design it and can critique评论 each other’s work. Such an approach方式 can both prompt促进 new research as well as和result in导致powerful强大的 art.
但真正的合作关系必须是双向的。在《自然》杂志的调查中,艺术家比科学家回应得少;然而,有几位受访者指出,艺术家并不只是协助科学家满足其沟通需求。他们的工作也不应仅仅被视为研究对象。当科学家和艺术家在一个项目中拥有共同的利益,能够共同设计项目,并且能够相互批评对方的工作时,这种联盟是最有价值的。这种方法既能促进新的研究,也能产生强大的艺术作品。
More than超过 half a century世纪 ago, the Massachusetts Institute学院 of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore探索the role of……的作用 technology in culture文化. The founders创办者deliberately故意地focused集中 their projects项目around环绕 light — hence因此 the “visual studies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore因此 could form建立the basis of……的基础collaboration合作. As science and technology progressed发展, and divided into分开 more sub-disciplines, the centre中心 was simultaneously同时 looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets诗人, and vice versa反之亦然.
半个多世纪前,麻省理工学院开设了高级视觉研究中心(CAVS),以探索技术在文化中的作用。该中心的创始人有意将项目重点放在光上——因此其名称中包含了“视觉研究”一词。光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西,因此可以成为合作的基础。随着科学技术的进步,并细分为更多的子学科,该中心同时展望了一个时代,即顶尖研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人,反之亦然。
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend趋势 is as strong as ever曾经, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides一方 need to invest投入 time and embrace接受 surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond超出 the necessary purpose of……的目的 research communication, and participants参与者 must not fall into the trap of陷入……的错误stereotyping刻板地看 each other. Artists and scientists alike同样地 are immersed沉浸 in discovery发现 and invention发明, and challenge and critique评论 are core核心的 to both, too.
《自然》杂志的民意调查结果显示,这一趋势依然强劲,但要想使合作取得成效,双方都需要投入时间,并接受惊喜与挑战。艺术与科学合作的范围不应仅限于研究交流的必要目的,参与者也不应陷入彼此刻板印象的陷阱。艺术家和科学家都沉浸在发现与发明之中,挑战与批判对他们来说也至关重要。
阅读难度:10.7(中)
外刊原文:《艺术与科学的联姻不应止于传播科学》
来源:本文选自《自然》(Nature)2021年2月24日刊
文章结构:
【段1】介绍现象,引出话题对象“科艺合作”并强调它颇受好评。
【段2-3】说明科艺合作趋势走强原因(第二段从理论上说明,第三段列举实例佐证)。
【段4-5】指出当前科艺合作的问题“合作止于传播科学之需”,并给出相应建议——坚持平等、互利,共赢的合作原则。
【段6】总结收篇并重申观点“科艺合作需合力共赢”。
31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ____
A. caught the attention of critics.
B. received favorable responses.
C. promoted academic publishing.
D. sparked heated public disputes.
31. 根据第一段,艺术与科学的合作具有____
A. 引起了评论家的注意。
B. 收到了积极的回应。
C. 促进了学术出版。
D. 引发了激烈的公众争议。
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that ____
A. art can offer audiences easy access to science.
B. science can help with the expression of emotions.
C. public participation in science has a promising future.
D. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations.
32. 提到《四季》的改编版本是为了表明____
A. 艺术能让观众轻松了解科学。
B. 科学有助于情感的表达。
C. 公众参与科学具有广阔的前景。
D. 艺术在促进科学创新方面是有效的。
33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ____
A. their role may be underestimated.
B. their reputation may be impaired.
C. their creativity may be inhibited.
D. their work may be misguided.
33. 一些艺术家似乎担心艺术与科学合作中的____
A. 他们的作用可能被低估了。
B. 他们的声誉可能会受损。
C. 他们的创造力可能会受到抑制。
D. 他们的工作可能存在误导。
34. What does the author say about CAVS?
A. It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
B. It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
C. Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
D. Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
34. 作者对CAVS有何看法?
A. 它由艺术家和科学家轮流领导。
B. 它体现了宝贵的艺术与科学联盟。
C. 其项目旨在推进视觉研究。
D. 它的创始人致力于提升艺术家的地位。
35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ____.
A. are likely to go beyond public expectations.
B. will intensify interdisciplinary competition.
C. should do more than communicating science.
D. are becoming more popular than before.
35. 在最后一段中,作者认为艺术与科学的合作____。
A. 可能会超出公众预期。
B. 将加剧跨学科竞争。
C. 应该做的不仅仅是传播科学。
D. 正变得比以前更受欢迎。
答案 | 31.B | 32.A | 33.A | 34.B | 35.C |
Text 4
文章四
The personal grievance申诉provisions条款 of New Zealand’s Employment雇佣 Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent阻止 an employer from firing解雇 an employee雇员 without good cause原因. Instead, dismissals解雇 must be justified有正当理由. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally程序上地fair公正的 way.
新西兰《2000年就业关系法》(ERA)中的个人申诉条款规定,雇主若无正当理由不得解雇员工。相反,解雇必须要有正当理由。雇主必须既说明理由,又以程序公正的方式行事。
Personal grievance procedures程序 were designed to guard保护 the jobs of ordinary普通的 workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise前提 was that the common law习惯法 of contract合同lacked缺乏sufficient足够的safeguards保护措施 for workers against反对、紧靠arbitrary任意的conduct行为 by management管理层. Long gone不再存在的 are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual合同的notice通知.
个人申诉程序旨在保护普通工人的工作免受“无理解雇”的侵害。其前提是,普通合同法缺乏足够的保障措施来保护工人免受管理层任意行为的侵害。老板可以简单地向员工发出合同通知的日子早已一去不复返。
But these provisions规定 create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid高薪 managers and executives高管. As正如countless无数的boards董事会 and business owners will attest证实, constraining限制firms企业 from firing poorly不佳地performing表现的, high-earning managers is a handbrake障碍 on boosting提高productivity生产效率 and overall整体的performance业绩. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving保护 the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet然而mediocrity平庸 is no longer enough to justify成为……理由 a dismissal.
但当这些规定应用于高薪经理和高管时,却给企业带来了困难。无数董事会和企业主都将证明,限制企业解雇表现不佳但收入丰厚的管理者,会阻碍生产力和整体业绩的提升。C级和A级管理者之间的差异,很可能就是企业成败之间的差异。是保住普通工人的工作,还是让他们失业。然而,平庸已不再足以成为解雇的理由。
Consequently因此 — and paradoxically自相矛盾地 — laws introduced出台 to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing使处于 those jobs at risk危险.
因此——矛盾的是——为保护普通工人工作而出台的法律可能反而使这些工作面临风险。
If not placing置于 jobs at risk, to the extent程度 employment protection laws constrain限制 business owners from dismissing under-performing表现不佳的 managers, those laws act as担任 a constraint on对……的限制firm公司productivity生产力 and therefore因此 on workers’ wages工资. Indeed事实上, in “An International Perspective角度 on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission委员会singled out指出 the low quality质量 of managerial管理的capabilities能力 as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record记录.
在不使工作岗位面临风险的前提下,就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的管理人员,这些法律实际上限制了企业的生产率,进而也限制了工人的工资。事实上,在《新西兰生产率悖论的国际视角》(2014)一文中,生产力委员会特别指出,管理能力低下是新西兰生产率增长不佳的原因之一。
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from免于 the harm损害 caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures程序. Because employment protection laws make it costlier成本更高的 to fire an employee, employers are more cautious谨慎的 about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal边缘化的 manager to gain获得 employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry承担 the burden负担 of the employment arrangement安排 going wrong.
高薪管理者本身也无法免受《就业关系法》(ERA)不合理解雇程序所带来的伤害。由于就业保护法提高了雇主解雇员工的成本,雇主在招聘新员工时更加谨慎。这使得边缘管理者更难找到工作。同时,由于企业承担着雇佣安排出错的负担,因此会降低员工的薪资。
Society also suffers受到 from excessive过度的 employment protections. Stringent严格的 job dismissal regulations条例adversely不利地 affect productivity growth and hamper阻碍 both prosperity繁荣 and overall整体的well-being福利.
社会也因过度的就业保护而蒙受损失。严格的解雇规定对生产率增长产生不利影响,并阻碍繁荣和整体福祉的实现。
Across在……另一边 the Tasman, Australia deals with处理 the unjustified dismissal paradox悖论 by excluding排除 employees earning挣钱above超过 a specified规定 “high-income threshold门槛” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private私人的 members’ Bill tried to permit允许 firms and high-income employees to contract签约 out of the unjustified dismissal regime制度. However, the mechanisms机制proposed提议 were unwieldy难运作的 and the Bill was voted投票 down following the change in government later that year.
在塔斯曼海对岸的澳大利亚,为应对无理解雇悖论,该国将收入超过特定“高收入门槛”的员工排除在不公平解雇法的保护之外。在新西兰,2016年的一项非官方议员法案试图允许企业和高收入员工通过合同摆脱无理解雇制度。然而,所提出的机制过于繁琐,该法案在当年晚些时候政府更迭后被否决。
【新西兰《雇佣关系法》(ERA)规定雇主不得无正当理由解雇员工,解雇行为必须具备正当性且遵循程序公正原则。这种保护性立法本意是防止雇主任意解雇普通员工,但却产生了以下连锁反应:
-雇佣谨慎性增强:由于解雇员工成本高昂,雇主在招聘新员工时会更加谨慎,倾向于减少雇佣数量或提高雇佣标准;
-用工灵活性降低:企业难以根据市场变化和经济状况灵活调整员工规模,导致用工僵化;
-边际管理者就业困难:处于就业边缘的管理人员(如能力处于行业平均水平的管理者)更难获得工作机会;
-整体工资水平受压:企业为抵消潜在的用工风险,倾向于降低整体工资水平。
这种现象在经济学研究中被称为"雇佣冷却效应"——解雇成本的提高虽保护了在职者(insiders)的工作安全,却使失业者(outsiders)更难获得工作机会。
企业可能转向非标准劳动关系(如劳务派遣、临时工等)来规避解雇限制。
最后一段话讲的是澳大利亚和新西兰对高收入员工解雇保护的不同政策尝试,用简单的话解释如下:
1. 澳大利亚的做法
澳大利亚通过设定一个“高收入门槛”(2025年约16.2万澳元),超过这个工资的员工不受“不公平解雇”法律保护。这意味着:
- 企业解雇高收入员工时,无需证明理由是否合理,程序是否合规。
- 逻辑:高收入者通常有更强的谈判能力,更容易找到新工作,不需要法律额外保护。
2. 新西兰的尝试(2016年)
2016年,新西兰有人提出一项法案,想允许企业和高收入员工通过合同自愿放弃“不公正解雇”保护(即双方约定解雇时不需要正当理由)。但存在两个问题:
- 机制太复杂:具体操作规则设计得繁琐,难以实际执行。
- 政治变动:法案提出后不久政府换届,新政府否决了这一提案。
3. 新西兰后来的改革(2024-2025年)
虽然2016年提案失败,但新西兰在2024年宣布新政策:年薪超18万纽币(约16.8万澳元)的员工将失去“不公正解雇”申诉权,不过仍可申诉歧视、性骚扰等问题。
- 目的:让企业更灵活地解雇高管,避免因解雇成本高而不敢提拔人才。
总结
- 澳大利亚:直接用收入划线,高收入者不享受解雇保护。
- 新西兰:2016年想搞“自愿放弃”但失败;2024年改为强制取消高收入者的保护,但留了其他申诉渠道。
简单说,两国都想减少对高收入员工的解雇限制,但方法不同:澳大利亚更直接,新西兰经历波折后选了折中方案。】
阅读难度:11(中)
外刊原文:《世上没有不劳而获——为何不正当解雇法不应适用于高薪员工》
来源:本文选自新西兰倡议智库网(www.nzinitiative.org.nz)2021年6月21日的文章
文章结构:
【段1】引入话题:《新西兰雇佣关系法(2000)》(ERA)中的个人申诉条款。
【段2-7】全面分析条款应用于高薪管理人员所造成的“不正当解雇悖论”。
【段8】介绍新西兰应对“不正当解雇悖论”的尝试及其结果。
36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ____
A. punish dubious corporate practices.
B. improve traditional hiring procedures.
C. exempt employers from certain duties.
D. protect the rights of ordinary workers.
36. 《就业关系法》中的个人申诉条款旨在____
A. 惩罚可疑的企业行为。
B. 改进传统的招聘流程。
C. 免除雇主的某些职责。
D. 保护普通劳动者的权益。
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may ____
A. hinder business development.
B. undermine managers’ authority.
C. affect the public image of the firms.
D. worsen labor-management relations.
37. 从第3段可以得知,这些规定可能____
A. 阻碍业务发展。
B. 削弱管理者的权威。
C. 影响企业的公众形象。
D. 恶化劳资关系。
38. Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?
A. Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
B. Enforcing employment protection laws.
C. Limiting the powers of business owners.
D. Dismissing poorly performing managers.
38. 以下哪些措施会得到生产力委员会的支持?
A. 实施合理的工资限制。
B. 执行就业保护法。
C. 限制企业主的权力。
D. 解雇表现不佳的管理者。
39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
A. Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
B. Employees suffer from salary cuts.
C. Society sees a rise in overall well-being.
D. Employers need to hire new staff.
39. ERA的不合理解雇程序可能会产生什么影响?
A. 高薪经理们失去了工作。
B. 员工遭受减薪。
C. 社会整体福祉有所提升。
D. 雇主需要雇佣新员工。
40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia ____
A. has secured managers’ earnings.
B. has produced undesired results.
C. is beneficial to business owners.
D. is difficult to put into practice.
40. 可以推断出,澳大利亚的“高收入门槛”____
A. 已经确保了经理们的收入。
B. 产生了不期望的结果。
C. 对企业主有益。
D. 难以付诸实践。
答案 | 36.D | 37.A | 38.D | 39.B | 40.C |
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and choose the most suitable description from the list A-G for each numbered subheading (41-45). There are two extra descriptions that you do not need to use.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
B部分
说明:
阅读以下文本,并为每个编号的子标题(41-45)从列表A-G中选择最合适的描述。有两个额外的描述,你不需要使用。
在答题卡上标注你的答案。(10分)
(41) Teri Byrd
I am a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed要求、声称 to be operating经营 for the benefit利益 of the animals and for conservation保护purposes目的. This claim说法 was false假的. Neither两者都不 one of them actually participated参加 in any contributions贡献 to animal research or conservation保护. They are profitable有利可图的institutions机构 whose bottom line最重要的因素、底线 is much more important than the condition状况、条件 of the animals.
我已在动物园和野生动物园工作多年。这两个地方都声称其运营是为了动物的福利和保护。但这种说法是虚假的。它们实际上并未参与任何动物研究或保护工作。它们是盈利机构,其盈利状况远比动物的状况重要得多。
Animals despise讨厌 being captives被俘的 in zoos. No matter无论 how you “enhance改善”enclosures圈养, they do not allow for freedom, a natural天然的diet饮食 or adequate充足的 exercise. It’s past time for transparency透明性 with these institutions机构, and it’s past time to eliminate去除 zoos from our culture文化.
动物们厌恶成为动物园的囚徒。无论你如何“改善”围栏,它们都无法获得自由、天然的饮食或足够的运动。这些机构早就应该透明化,而动物园也早就应该从我们的文化中消失。
(42) Karen R. Sime
As a zoology动物学professor教授, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel残忍的. But she underestimates低估 the educational value of zoos.
作为一名动物学教授,我同意艾玛·马里斯的观点,即动物园的展示可能会令人感到悲伤和残忍。但她低估了动物园的教育价值。
The zoology program课程 at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial关键性的formative成长的 experience that led引领、lead的过去式和过去分词 them to major in主修 biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife野生动物refuges避难所 or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir激发 children’s interest in conservation保护, they cannot replace取代 the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense强烈的, immersive沉浸式的 and interactive互动的 experience. Surely there must be some middle ground中间立场 that balances zoos’ treatment对待 of animals with their educational potential潜力.
我校的动物学课程吸引了一批学生,对他们而言,参观动物园是至关重要的成长经历,正是这一经历促使他们选择了生物科学专业。这些学生大多在孩提时代没有机会前往荒野地区、野生动物保护区或国家公园。尽管优秀的电视节目有助于激发儿童对保护工作的兴趣,但它们无法取代参观动物园所带来的那种强烈的、身临其境的互动体验。当然,一定存在某种中间立场,既能平衡动物园对动物的处理方式,又能发挥其教育潜力。
(43) Greg Newberry
Emma Marris’s article is an insult侮辱 and a disservice伤害 to the thousands of passionate热情的 people who work tirelessly不知疲倦的 to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet地球. She uses outdated过时的 research and decades-old examples to undermine贬损 the noble崇高的mission使命 of organizations committed坚定的 to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
艾玛·马里斯的文章是对成千上万名充满激情、不懈努力改善动物生活、保护我们星球的人士的侮辱和伤害。她引用过时的研究和几十年前的例子,破坏了那些致力于让孩子们了解世界、超越自我局限的组织所肩负的崇高使命。
Zoos are at the forefront重要地位 of conservation and constantly不断地evolving发展 to improve how they care for animals and protect each species物种 in its natural habitat栖息地. Are there tragedies悲剧? Of course. But they are the exception例外, not the norm常态 that Ms. Marris implies暗指. A distressed虚弱的 animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
动物园处于保护工作的最前沿,并不断改进其照顾动物和保护每个物种在自然栖息地的方法。动物园有悲剧发生吗?当然有。但它们是例外,并非马里斯女士所暗示的常态。动物园中受困的动物所获得的待遇,与我们大多数人在当地医院所获得的待遇一样好,甚至更好。
(44) Dean Gallea
As a fellow同类的 environmentalist, animal-protection advocate支持者 and longtime vegetarian素食者, I could properly适当地 be in the same camp阵营 as Emma Marris on the issue问题 of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic英雄的 animals that suffer their captivity圈养, do serve服务、成为 a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe观察 these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven驱使 by their fascination着迷 to travel to wild areas to seek out寻找, disturb打扰 and even hunt猎杀 them down.
作为一名环保主义者、动物保护倡导者和长期素食者,在动物园问题上,我与艾玛·马里斯(Emma Marris)可谓志同道合。但我相信,运营良好的动物园以及那些在囚禁中遭受苦难的英勇动物,确实有着更高的意义。若非有机会在家附近近距离观察这些美丽的野生生物,许多人会被它们的魅力所吸引,驱使他们前往野外寻找、打扰甚至猎杀它们。
Zoos are, in that sense感觉, similar to natural history and archaeology考古 museums, serving to satisfy满足 our need for contact with接触 these living creatures动物 while leaving the vast辽阔的majority大多数undisturbed未被打搅的 in their natural environments.
从这个意义上说,动物园类似于自然历史博物馆和考古博物馆,它们满足了我们对这些生物的接触需求,同时让绝大多数生物在自然环境中不受干扰。
(45) John Fraser
Emma Marris selectively有选择地 describes描述 and misrepresents曲解 the findings of our research. Our studies focused on聚焦于 the impact影响 of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data资料、数据 points extracted选取 from our studies do not, in any way任何方式, discount不重视 what is learned in a zoo visit.
艾玛·马里斯(Emma Marris)有选择性地描述并歪曲了我们的研究结果。我们的研究侧重于动物园体验对人们如何看待自己和自然的影响,从我们的研究中提取的数据点,无论如何都不能否定参观动物园所获得的知识。
Zoos are tools工具 for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical关键性的 voice for conservation保护 and environmental protection保护. They afford提供 an opportunity for people from all backgrounds背景 to encounter遇到 a range范围 of animals, from drone雄蜂 bees to springbok跳羚 or salmon鲑鱼, to better understand the natural world we live in.
动物园是思考的工具。我们的研究为动物园在连接人与动物、人与自然方面的价值提供了有力支持。动物园为保护和环境保护发声,发挥着至关重要的作用。它们为来自不同背景的人们提供了一个机会,让他们能够接触到各种动物,从雄蜂到跳羚或鲑鱼,从而更好地了解我们所生活的自然世界。
A. Zoos which spare花费 no effort精力 to take care of animals should not be subjected受到 to unfair criticism批评. 不遗余力照顾动物的动物园不应受到不公平的指责。
B. To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care. 向动物园施压,要求其减少在动物身上的开支,将导致其照料下的珍贵动物遭受不人道的对待。
C. While animals in captivity囚禁deserve值得sympathy同情, zoos play a significant重要的 role in starting young people down沿着、顺 the path道路 of related相关的 sciences. 虽然圈养动物值得同情,但动物园在引导年轻人走上相关科学之路方面发挥着重要作用。
D. Zoos save节省 people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute贡献 to wildlife conservation. 动物园使人们无需前往荒野地区,从而为野生动物保护做出了贡献。
E. For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative. 对于无法回归自然栖息地的野生动物,动物园提供了最佳的替代方案。
F. Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize优先于 money making over animals’ wellbeing. 动物园本应被关闭,因为它们将赚钱置于动物福祉之上。
G. Marris distorts曲解 our findings which actually prove证明 that zoos serve as an indispensable不可或缺的link纽带 between man and nature. Marris歪曲了我们的研究结果,这些结果实际上证明了动物园是人与自然之间不可或缺的纽带。
阅读难度:9.6(中)
外刊原文:《讨论动物园是否合乎道德及其价值》
来源:本文选自《纽约时报》(The New York Times)2021年7月3日刊
文章结构:
【段1-2】对动物园持批判反对观点。这一部分包含Teri Byrd的观点,他认为动物园只是为了牟利而不顾动物的福祉,因此应该被关停。
【段3-10】对动物园持支持肯定观点。这一部分包含Karen R.Sime, Greg Newberry, Dean Gallea和John Fraser四人的观点。
答案 | 41.F | 42.C | 43.A | 44.D | 45.G |
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
C部分
说明:
仔细阅读以下文本,然后将划线部分翻译成中文。
请将答案写在答题卡上。(10分)
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene场景 of a titanic巨大的 and merciless残忍的struggle奋斗、努力、挣扎. It took place on many different planes飞机: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants居民; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate使恶化 the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals元帅、组织 sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces力量、强迫 of science and meritocracy精英管理 and old ones of conservatism保守主义、守旧 and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period时期、一段时间, a battle斗争 between those who made codes准则 and those who broke them.
1807年至1814年间,伊比利亚半岛(包括西班牙和葡萄牙)成为了一场激烈而残酷的斗争的舞台。这场斗争发生在多个层面:拿破仑的法国军队与愤怒的当地居民之间;热衷于加剧皇帝困境的英国人与从巴黎派来试图控制他们的元帅之间;新兴的科学和精英力量与保守的旧势力之间。(46)此外,这场斗争也是制定规则者与破坏规则者之间的较量,即使对这一时期有深入了解的人士也未必知晓这一点。
I first discovered发现 the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume量、体积、书 V he had attached an appendix附录、附加, “The Scovell Ciphers”. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured俘获 from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed揭露 by the work of one George Scovell, an officer军官 in British headquarters. Oman rated定价格、级别的 Scovell’s significance重要性 highly, but at the same time, the general将军、普遍的、一般的 nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze分解 carefully what this obscure遮掩、使模糊 officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered经过思考的 thing that had been written about this secret war.
几年前,当我阅读查尔斯·奥曼爵士的史诗巨著《半岛战争史》时,首次发现了拿破仑式的密码战。在第五卷中,他附了一个附录,名为“斯科维尔密码”。(47)该附录列出了许多从西班牙法军缴获的加密文件,这些文件的秘密是由英国总部的一名军官乔治·斯科维尔揭露的。奥曼对斯科维尔的重要性评价很高,但同时,他的《半岛战争史》总体性质意味着(48)他无法仔细分析这位默默无闻的军官对这场伟大的国与国之间的斗争可能做出了什么贡献,或者实际上无法告诉我们太多关于这位军官本人的事情。我渴望阅读更多内容,但惊讶地发现,奥曼于1914年出版的附录是关于这场秘密战争唯一被认真撰写的资料。
I became convinced确信的 that this story was every bit as exciting and significant显著的、重要的 as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?
我开始相信,这个故事与第二次世界大战中费解的事物和德国密码破译的故事一样激动人心、意义重大。问题是,这个故事能被讲述出来吗?
Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive广阔的 journal and copious大量的 notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original原件、最初的 French dispatches派遣 had been preserved保护 in this collection, which I realized was priceless无价的. (49) There may have been many spies间谍 and intelligence才智、情报officers军官 during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely极端地 difficult to find the material布料、材料、实体的 they actually provided or worked on.
在伦敦公共档案馆研究斯科维尔(Scovell)的论文时,我发现他留下了大量关于他在半岛工作的日记和丰富笔记。更重要的是,这份资料中还保存了许多原始的法国电报,我意识到这是无价之宝。(49)拿破仑战争期间可能有许多间谍和情报官员,但要找到他们实际提供或处理过的材料通常极其困难。
As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of interest besides his intelligence work. His status地位 in Lord Wellington’s headquarters总部 and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound束缚、必定的 up with the class politics政治 of the army at the time. His tale of self- improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents象征、代表 something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts努力、尝试、企图 to make his way up the promotion提升ladder阶梯 speak volumes about British society.
在研究斯科维尔的故事时,我发现除了他的情报工作,还有更多有趣的内容。他在威灵顿勋爵指挥部的地位以及因其工作而获得的认可,都与当时军队的阶级政治息息相关。他自我提升和努力工作的故事本身就足以写成一本引人入胜的传记,但它所代表的远不止于此。(50)正如密码破译在西班牙斗争中具有更广泛的意义一样,他努力在晋升阶梯上向上攀登的尝试也充分反映了英国社会。
【这篇文章讲的是1807-1814年拿破仑战争期间,伊比利亚半岛(西班牙和葡萄牙)上一场鲜为人知的密码战,核心人物是英国军官乔治·斯科维尔(George Scovell)。
半岛战争不仅是军事对抗,还隐藏着一场密码编制者与破译者之间的秘密较量。英国军官乔治·斯科维尔通过破译法军密码,为英军争取了关键情报优势,但这段历史长期被忽视。
战争背景:
拿破仑军队占领伊比利亚半岛,遭遇当地居民激烈反抗,英国趁机介入牵制法军。
除明面战争外,双方还通过加密通信传递情报,法军使用复杂密码(如“大巴黎密码”)保护机密。
斯科维尔破译了大量法军密信,包括兵力部署和补给路线,直接影响了1812年后的战局;其破译成果帮助英军指挥官威灵顿制定策略,例如在1813年维多利亚战役中击败法军。
这场密码战的重要性堪比二战中的“恩尼格玛密码”破译,但因资料稀缺长期被低估。
斯科维尔的故事也反映了当时英国军队的阶级矛盾——他凭借才能晋升,却因出身卑微难获更高认可。
为何鲜为人知?
密码战属于隐蔽战线,史料保存极少。斯科维尔的日记和法军原件直到20世纪才被研究者发现;
传统战争史更关注战场胜负,忽略了情报工作的作用。
简单来说,这是一场“看不见的战争”,斯科维尔像拿破仑时代的“黑客”,用智慧改变了战局。】
Section III Writing
第三部分 写作
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
A部分
51. 说明:
给英国某大学的教授写一封电子邮件,邀请他/她组建一支团队,参加将在贵校举办的国际创新大赛。
你应该在答题纸上写大约100个字。
不要在邮件中签署自己的名字,请使用“李明”代替。(10分)
答案:
Dear Prof. Smith,
I am a student from Peking University, and it is my great honor荣誉、尊敬、光荣 to inform通知 you that this International Innovation Contest will be held in my university. Therefore, I am writing this letter to sincerely真诚地 invite you to organize a team for this activity.
To begin with, it is advisable明智的 for you to know that this competition比赛 is mainly about innovation创新 in entrepreneurship创业, and it would be held at the Great Hall on September 26th, and that participants参加者 from all over the world will come here and compete竞争 together. In addition, it would be greatly honored if you could organize a team for this activity and prepare a presentation展示、报告、颁奖仪式 in advance to show the creativity创造力 of your team.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact联系 me and I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
尊敬的史密斯教授:,
我是北京大学的学生,很荣幸地通知大家,这次国际创新大赛将在我校举行。因此,我写这封信是为了诚挚地邀请您组织一个团队参加这次活动。
首先,建议大家知道,这场比赛主要是关于创业创新的,将于9月26日在大会堂举行,来自世界各地的参赛者将齐聚一堂,共同竞争。此外,如果您能组织一个团队参加此次活动,并提前准备一份演示文稿,展示您团队的创造力,我们将不胜荣幸。
如果您有任何问题,请随时与我联系,我期待着您的回复。
谨上,
李明
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
B部分
52. 说明:
根据下面的图片写一篇160-200字的文章。在你的文章中,你应该
1) 简要描述图片,
2)解读隐含意义,以及
3) 发表你的评论。
请将答案写在答题卡上。(20分)

答案:
As is illustrated动词 illustrate 的过去式和过去分词形式,核心含义为 “用示例或插图阐明”,兼具 “说明” 和 “加插图” 双重功能in the picture, two girls are talking in front of a poster海报 about a campus校园lecture讲座. One of them says, "It has nothing to do with our major专业 and listening to it won't be of much use," while the other girl holds抓住、持有 a different opinion, thinking that it would be beneficial有益的 to attend参加 the lectures regardless of不管 whether they were relevant相关的 or not.
From the picture, we can see that different students may have different inclinations倾向 towards knowledge. Some people think it is only necessary to learn knowledge related to their career, while others advocate倡导 broader learning. In fact, the latter attitude is more desirable可取的 and more adaptable适应的 to the current society. First of all, learning is not only about making a living, but is also a source of happiness幸福源泉 in our life. By constantly总是participating参加 in a wider更宽的range范围 of learning, we can broaden拓宽 our life experience and obtain more beauty in our life. Secondly, the rapid development快速发展 of the society has put forward higher requirements for us. Only by maintaining保持lifelong learning终身学习 and broadening our knowledge fields知识领域, can we better adapt适应 to the social development and not be eliminated淘汰.
From the discussion讨论 above, we should take a long-term view and keep on learning, whether it is related相关的 to our immediate立即的、直接的、当前的interests or not.
如图所示,两个女孩在海报前谈论校园讲座。其中一个女孩说:“这与我们的专业无关,听也没什么用。”而另一个女孩则持不同意见,认为无论讲座是否相关,参加讲座都是有益的。
从图中我们可以看出,不同的学生可能对知识有不同的倾向。有些人认为只需要学习与职业相关的知识,而另一些人则主张更广泛的学习。事实上,后一种态度更可取,也更适应当前的社会。首先,学习不仅是为了谋生,也是我们生活中幸福的源泉。通过不断参与更广泛的学习,我们可以拓宽我们的生活经验,在生活中获得更多的美。其次,社会的快速发展对我们提出了更高的要求。只有保持终身学习,拓宽知识领域,我们才能更好地适应社会发展,不被淘汰。
从以上讨论中,我们应该着眼长远,不断学习,无论这是否关系到我们的切身利益。
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