【合辑】历年高考英语真题长难句精选380句详解(共10期)

【示例】高考英语真题长难句分等级分析（Level 10）

1. (2020年全国I卷阅读D篇) Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输).  

【解析】since引导原因状语从句，破折号后进行举例补充说明，主句表明结果。整体逻辑为因果关系，解释能源在传输过程中损耗的原因。

【译文】由于照明设备通常远离电源——例如从发电厂到偏远高速公路上的路灯之间的距离——在传输过程中会损耗大量能源。

2. (2017年全国Ⅰ卷语法填空) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.  

【解析】主句为This trend has had some unintended side effects，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰trend，破折号后的内容是对side effects的进一步解释，其中包含一个省略关系词的定语从句修饰thing。句子结构复杂，涉及多层修饰和解释说明。

【译文】低盐低脂食品由医学界发起，一度被视为防治心脏病的方法，但未曾想到，它还有明显的副作用：肥胖和心脏病——而这类病症正是医学界想要对抗的。

3. (2016年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇) Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.  

【解析】when引导时间状语从句，主句中what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句，表语从句中又包含一个what引导的宾语从句以及before引导的时间状语。从句层层嵌套，逻辑较为复杂。

【译文】因此，当一个来自其中某个文化群体的人在说话的时候突然停住时，可能是在暗示讲话者希望听众在继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。

4. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇) Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.  

【解析】that引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中，that引导定语从句修饰qualities，破折号之间的内容是对qualities的举例说明，and连接两个并列谓语carry over和make。

【译文】Prinstein博士还发现，那些让邻居们希望你参加游戏日的品质——分享、善良、坦诚——会延续到以后，并使你更好地与他人交往共处。

5. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷阅读C篇) Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.  

【解析】that引导宾语从句，作believe的宾语，when引导时间状语从句，在宾语从句中嵌套时间状语从句，描述过去语言使用的情况。

【译文】一些语言专家认为，一万年前，全世界人口仅为500万至1,000万，而他们使用的语言多达一万两千种。

6. (2025年全国一卷阅读D篇) “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.  

【解析】直接引语中，“The way”后省略了that，引导定语从句，其中how引导宾语从句；主句中“an environmental engineer...Scotland”是同位语，对Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay进行身份说明，who引导定语从句修饰engineer。句子结构复杂，包含多层修饰和嵌套。

【译文】“他们展示微塑料如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很巧妙，”苏格兰格拉斯哥大学环境工程师卡罗琳·高肖特 - 林赛(未参与该项研究)在接受《新科学家》采访时表示。

7. (2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇) In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.  

【解析】句中包含as...as比较结构，that引导定语从句修饰computer code，but连接两个并列句，后半句中“translating...”为现在分词短语作后置定语修饰experience。整体逻辑对比了书在不同情况下的复杂性，并强调了Campbell的经验。

【译文】假如换个糟糕的写手，该书可能同驱动AI的计算机代码一样复杂，但是幸好Campbell有二十多年的职业经验，把令人头大的内容变得深入浅出，平和易懂。

8. (2023年全国乙卷阅读D篇) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.  

【解析】if引导条件状语从句，其中“a history...humanity”是同位语，对“the history of the whole world”进行解释说明；主句后接because引导的原因状语从句，该从句中又包含while引导的对比结构。句子逻辑层层递进，阐述讲述全球历史不能仅依靠文字的原因。

【译文】如果你想讲述全球的历史，一段不偏袒任何人类某一部分的历史，仅仅通过文字记载是不够的，因为世界上只有部分地区曾经存在文字，而大多数地区在大部分时期没有文字。

9. (2022年新高考II卷阅读D篇) The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility.  

【解析】插入语“if you haven’t already”增加句子的灵活性，主句中“when the heart still has flexibility”是定语从句，修饰“late middle age”。整体表达了开始锻炼的最佳时期与心脏状态的关系。

【译文】如果你还没有开始锻炼，开始锻炼的最佳时间是在心脏仍有弹性的中老年后期。

10. (2021年全国甲卷阅读D篇) A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.”  

【解析】“recently published by Science”为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰study，that引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中，包含as...as结构表示比较，以及第二个that引导的宾语从句作say的宾语。句子通过多层嵌套，揭示研究中关于性别认知的发现。

【译文】《科学》杂志近期发表的一项研究表明，年仅六岁的女孩便已比同龄男孩更少认为，自己所属性别群体成员“非常非常聪明”。

11. (2020年全国II卷阅读C篇) Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.  

【解析】主句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是“to come around to the opinion...”，that引导同位语从句，对opinion进行解释说明。句子结构复杂，体现了对观点接受过程的表达。

【译文】设计师Jennifer Anderson承认，她花了一段时间才接受了这个观点，即用海狸鼠毛皮制作自己的作品在道德上是可接受的。

12. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷阅读C篇) He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流).  

【解析】that引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中，or连接两个并列的动作，“with whom he’s on a first-name basis”是定语从句修饰barkeeper，if引导条件状语从句。句子展现了人物在不同条件下的行为选择，逻辑丰富。

【译文】他喜欢可以安静地坐着查看手机，或者如果他想要一点交流，可以与酒保聊天，他们之间已经直呼其名。

13. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷阅读B篇) The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.  

【解析】and连接两个并列句，前半句中“with no interest in settling down”是后置定语修饰people；后半句中when引导时间状语从句，“there were new gold discoveries in Alaska”是宾语从句作heard的宾语，“as quickly as they had come”是比较状语从句。句子描述了人群因消息而产生的行动变化，逻辑连贯。

【译文】这座城市挤满了对定居毫无兴趣的失望人群，当他们听说阿拉斯加有新的黄金发现时，他们离开道森市的速度和他们来时一样快。

14. (2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读B篇) We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.  

【解析】that引导同位语从句，解释belief的内容，其中if引导条件状语从句；破折号后的内容是对“put something back”的举例说明，分别阐述“he”和“me”的做法，“who are seriously ill”是定语从句修饰kids。句子通过多种从句和举例，表达了关于成功后回馈社会的信念。

【译文】我们共同的信念是：如果你有幸事业成功，就应该进行回报——他成立了Newman’s Own食品公司和为病重的孩子成立了Hole in the Wall camps夏令营，而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。

15. (2016年全国Ⅱ卷阅读D篇) Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.  

【解析】“a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic”是同位语，对Frank Hurley进行详细介绍，其中who引导定语从句修饰photographer；“most of which have never before been published”是非限制性定语从句，修饰images。句子通过多重修饰，介绍了摄影师及其作品的情况。

【译文】Frank Hurley，一个自信的，有天赋的，对南极洲有了解的澳大利亚摄影师，被雇佣去拍照，其中大部分图片以前从未被发表过。

16. (2025年1月浙江卷阅读C篇) In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.  

【解析】主句中“with similar cultural needs”是后置定语修饰plants，so that引导目的状语从句，“forming a cooperative ecosystem...”是现在分词短语作结果状语，其中that引导定语从句修饰ecosystem。句子从植物种植方式出发，阐述其目的和产生的结果，逻辑紧密。

【译文】在矩阵式花园中，具有相似栽培需求的植物被归类种植，使它们能够在地表和地下共同生长，形成一个协作的生态系统，从而节约用水并抑制杂草生长。

17. (2024年新课标I卷阅读C篇) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.  

【解析】when引导时间状语从句，破折号之间的内容分别对“simple tasks”和“ones”进行举例说明，“that require mental abstraction”是定语从句修饰ones。句子通过对比不同任务，突出印刷阅读在特定情况下的优势。

【译文】当实验人员将布置的任务从简单任务——比如辨认一篇短文的主旨大意——转换到需要抽象思维的任务——比如从文本中推断信息时，印刷文本阅读的优势尤其凸显出来。

18. (2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇) The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.  

【解析】主句中that引导表语从句，在表语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，“that were allowed to have a discussion”是定语从句修饰smaller groups，“than those from an equal number of independent individuals”是比较状语从句。句子围绕研究发现展开，通过多种从句说明实验条件和结果的关系。

【译文】这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的更小的群体时，这些群体的平均值会比同等数量的群体每人独立估算的平均值要更准确。

19. (2022年全国乙卷阅读C篇) It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.  

【解析】it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，“including sending...”是现在分词短语作补充说明，其中“often at night”是插入语。句子通过复杂结构说明欧洲铁路维护的费用及相关工作安排。

【译文】据计算，仅欧洲铁路公司花费在维护上的费用一年约为200亿欧元，包括经常夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。

20. (2021年新高考II卷阅读C篇) I’ve seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by—their eyes are shining and their faces light up.  

【解析】when引导定语从句修饰moments，“they are inspired by”是省略了关系代词的定语从句修饰someone，破折号后的内容对前面描述的场景进行补充说明。句子生动地描绘了特定时刻孩子们的状态。

【译文】我见证过那些神奇的时刻，当孩子们与他们为之鼓舞的人交谈时——他们的眼睛闪闪发光，脸上洋溢着光彩。

21. (2020年新高考I卷阅读C篇) It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.  

【解析】句子使用强调句结构“It is...that...”，强调“the story”，“travelling to a strange land”是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰American，“he meets on his way”是省略关系代词的定语从句修饰people，冒号后是对people的具体列举，其中包含多个同位语和定语从句，如“his translator”是Rustam的同位语，“a lovely 24 - year - old who picked up his colorful English in California”也是Rustam的同位语且包含定语从句，“his hosts in Tashkent”是Oleg and Natasha的同位语。句子结构复杂，通过多种修饰和列举，详细介绍故事相关的人物。

【译文】这是一个美国人游历异域的故事，也是关于他在旅途中邂逅之人的故事：他的翻译Rustam，这位24岁的可爱青年在美国加州学得一口花哨英语；塔什干当地接待他的Oleg与Natasha；以及一连串外国援助工作者。

22. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇) Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”  

【解析】who引导定语从句分别修饰“Those”和“those”，“as well as”连接两个并列的主语部分，句子整体表达了不同阶段不同受欢迎程度的人在行为上的可能性。

【译文】那些在高中地位最高的人，以及那些在小学最不受欢迎的人，最有可能从事危险和冒险的活动。

23. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇) To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.  

【解析】“To figure out...”是目的状语，其中how much引导宾语从句；主句中“at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York”是后置定语修饰colleagues，“from when...to when...”结构表示时间跨度，其中包含两个when引导的时间状语从句。句子通过复杂的结构阐述了研究的目的和追踪的时间范围。

【译文】为了弄清楚这些设备消耗了多少能源，Callie Babbitt和她在纽约罗切斯特理工学院的同事们追踪了每种产品在整个生命周期中的环境成本——从矿物开采到我们停止使用该设备。

24. (2017年全国Ⅲ卷阅读D篇) The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.  

【解析】主句中包含两个并列的宾语从句，分别由what和how引导，what从句中“for older drivers”表示对象，how从句阐述解决问题的方式。句子围绕研究老年驾驶者问题及解决方案展开。

【译文】DriveLAB正在帮助我们了解老年驾驶者的关键压力所在和所面临的各种困难，以及我们如何运用技术手段解决这些问题。

25. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷阅读D篇) Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.  

【解析】动名词作主语+but并列句（含that宾语从句+if虚拟条件句），强调寒暄的重要性，含虚拟语气。

【译文】认为寒暄不重要而不予考虑很容易，但我们不要忘记，如果没有随意的聊天，就不会有深入的人际关系。

26. (2017年全国Ⅰ卷阅读七选五) If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily.  

【解析】if虚拟条件句（对过去虚拟）+that宾语从句，描述与过去事实相反的假设。

【译文】如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营，我会狂笑不已。

27. (2016年全国Ⅰ卷语法填空) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.  

【解析】主句（含to my days介词短语+when定语从句，其中过去分词作定语+现在分词作定语），描述与熊猫的渊源，多层修饰。

【译文】但我与熊猫的联系可追溯到20世纪80年代中期的一档电视节目中，我作为第一个西方电视记者被允许拍摄一部专题片，报道对在野外险些饿死的大熊猫的救治和看护。

28. (2025年全国一卷阅读D篇) “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.  

【解析】直接引语含the way的定语从句（省略that）+how宾语从句，同位语+who定语从句修饰主语，句式密集。

【译文】“他们展示微塑料如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很巧妙，”苏格兰格拉斯哥大学环境工程师卡罗琳·高肖特-林赛(未参与该项研究)在接受《新科学家》采访时表示。

29. (2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇) This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.  

【解析】why表语从句+破折号后before时间状语从句，说明行动的原因和时间提前量。

【译文】就是为什么Campbell现在就着手提高人们对AI及其未来的认识——比这些进展可能发生的时间提前几十年。

30. (2023年全国乙卷阅读B篇) Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.  

【解析】现在分词作状语+主句+though让步从句（含if虚拟条件句，对过去虚拟），表达对照片的反思。

【译文】尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍是我拍得最好的一些照片，虽然说如果做好更充分的准备和更好地安排时间的话，或许能够拍出更好的照片。

31. (2022年新高考I卷读后续写) After making sure that David could run if he wanted, I turned to find him coming towards me, his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward.  

【解析】after现在分词短语（含that宾语从句+if条件句）+主句+独立主格结构+as时间状语从句，描述场景动作。

【译文】确定David想跑就能跑以后，我转身看到他正朝我走来，小小的身体随着他的脚向前挪动而左右摇摆。

32. (2021年全国甲卷语法填空) After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!  

【解析】after现在分词短语+主句（含it形式主语+and what感叹句作宾语从句），描述决定过程。

【译文】在城墙边花时间看完所有防御装备后，我们决定是时候采取行动了，还有什么比亲身感受历史更好的(活动)呢！

33. (2020年全国III卷语法填空) Because the number of possible topics is practically limitless, we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.  

【解析】because原因状语从句+主句（含and并列谓语+of technology介词短语），说明内容选择的原因。

【译文】由于可选议题的数量近乎无限，我们遴选了最富趣味且实用价值的应用与工具作为精选案例，并阐释其背后的技术原理。

34. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷阅读D篇) She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.  

【解析】主句+现在分词作状语（含两个which定语从句+as...as比较结构），评价书籍写作角度。

【译文】她从一个商人的实际角度而不是从一位学者的角度进行写作，将该书写成了一个既浅显易懂，又信息充实的指导书，读者看完后会感到自己跟AI一样聪明。

35. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷语法填空) I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.  

【解析】主句+现在分词作状语（含不定式作目的状语）+so目的状语从句，描述动作和目的。

【译文】我迅速低下身子，低下头以避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会感觉受到挑衅。

36. (2017年全国Ⅱ卷完形填空) Once, while working overnight at a store, he let a homeless man sleep in his truck.  

【解析】once状语+while现在分词短语作状语+主句，描述过去的经历，省略结构。

【译文】有一次，在一家商店上夜班时，他曾让一个流浪汉在他的卡车中过夜。

37. (2016年全国Ⅲ卷阅读C篇) To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.  

【解析】to介词短语（含who定语从句）+主句（含it形式主语+of classical apples介词短语+such as举例，其中which定语从句），描述苹果品种认知。

【译文】对于那些习惯于超市里有限的苹果品种如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人们来说，能看到大量经典品种仍然存世确实令人大开眼界，比如罗马人曾经种植的Decio。

38. (2025年全国二卷阅读D篇) Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.  

【解析】nevertheless转折+主句（含that同位语从句，其中and连接两个that同位语从句），说明可持续性问题的解决思路。

【译文】尽管如此，它亦在提醒我们：有很多方法可以应对可持续性问题，而且纵是平凡万物亦可做出一顿美味的饭菜。