高考英语阅读理解--应用文之解题指导

 解题指导 

应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括说明性应用文，如广告、启事、海报、守则、公告、指南、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等和叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。英语《考试说明》对“读” 的能力要求之一是：要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章并能识别不同文体的特征。研读近年全国各地的高考试题可以看出，应用文是高考阅读理解命题的重要体裁之一和基础得分题型。

题型特点

一、材料特点

综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中应用类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。

二、形式特点

做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告的内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容(产品或服务等)买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。 

三、用词特点

广告类阅读材料的用词有＂三多＂特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。

四、命题特点

广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重。命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。

命题趋势

一、考点趋势

对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点，同时还需关注对主旨大意题和文章结构题的考查。

二、理解层次趋势

表层意义理解题减少，深层含义理解题增多。考查难度有所增加，由简单寻找信息向多层次细节推理的趋势比较明显。

三、信息量和词汇量

阅读理解材料信息浓缩，词汇总量减少，但对词汇量的考查在加大，非考纲词汇有所增加(主要为词根加上前、后缀或有词义转化的词)。旨在引导学生掌握词汇的合成、派生和转化，让考生能通过上下文或构词法来理解词汇的含义。《考试说明》中＂根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义＂这一新要求预示对能力要求有所提高。

四、句子的难度

长句增多，句子难度加大。复合句、省略句、倒装句和插入语等语言现象普遍。

五、体裁和题材

继续体现体裁和题材多样化，并彰显英语国家语言与文化特点，强化文化意识的渗透。题材涉猎广泛，体现＂语言是文化的载体＂这一理念。

解题策略

一、先题后文

先读试题，了解试题考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。

二、原文定位

根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下：问题与材料相同→对号入座；问题与原文相同→同义替换、归纳事实等。

三、淡化生词

遇到人名、地名、专有名词等；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。

【真题演练】

（2023上·广东江门·高二校考期中）

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone is open year-round to visitors, though experiences differ depending on the season you visit.

March-May: Snow can continue to fall into March and many of the roads may remain closed, with ploughing usually beginning some time in April. Hiking conditions at this time are wet. You won’t find many crowds, for good reason.

June-August: The busiest time of year in the park is July and August, as families arrive in their droves and temperatures rise up into the mid-20s (℃). Backcountry trails are fully open and this is the ideal time to go hiking.

September-October: By September, the weather is pretty mild (highs of 19℃ in September). Bears can be spotted by roadside as they try desperately to fatten up before winter.

November-February: Temperatures can drop below zero, but this also yields some unique experiences. Elk and bison are already migrating in impressive herds and this is a great time for wolf spotting—their dark coats are much easier to see against a white backdrop of snow. Wolf-tracking trips are a must.

Cost of travel

Entrance fees for Yellowstone are £16 for individuals and an additional £30 for a car. Campsites vary in price, costing as little as £12.50 per night.

Accommodation

During the peak summer months, prices rise and rooms are booked up long in advance. In winter just a handful of the park’s lodges remain open.

43．Which is the unique experience when visiting the park from November to February?

A．Spotting bears by roadside.B．Seeing farmers begin ploughing.

C．Enjoying elk and bison migrating in herbs.D．Foxes-tracking trips.

44．How much should a couple driving a car pay for entrance fees?

A．£46.B．£44.5.C．£32.D．£62.

45．Where is this text probably taken from?

A．A research report.B．A travel brochure.

C．A science newspaper.D．A geography textbook.